Metabolism 3

Question 1

Most triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue and in the liver.

Lipogenesis takes place in the cytosol,

• where fatty acids are built in two-carbon units, then combined with glycerol to form triglycerides.

Excess glucose can be converted into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 2

There are 20 amino acids in the body’s proteins.

11 amino acids can be produced by the body

9 are essential:

Question 3

The absorptive state takes place from the time food is ingested to the time it is fully absorbed. In this state, glucose is the main fuel, glycogenesis and lipogenesis increase, and protein synthesis takes place.

The postabsorptive state begins after ingested nutrients are fully absorbed. In this state, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis decrease, and gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis increase.

Question 4

Feeding is regulated by two hypothalamic nuclei: the satiety center and the hunger center.

Question 5

Long-term regulation vs Short-term regulation of feeding:

Long-term regulation of feeding is done by

• leptin, (which is anorexigenic)
• ghrelin, (which is orexigenic

Short-term regulation of feeding involves

• insulin, digestive hormones, and the vagus nerve, which stimulate the satiety center.
• Hypoglycemia stimulates the hunger center.

Question 6

Cholesterol is a steroid molecule obtained from animal products and produced by the liver.

Cholesterol is attached to lipoproteins in the liver.

Question 7

Cholesterol Types/Classifications and Functions:

Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) deliver triglycerides to peripheral tissues;

low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues;

and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) deliver cholesterol to the liver for excretion in the bile.

Question 8

The difference between energy intake and energy expenditure is known as

Answer 8

energy balance.

Question 9

Individuals who have a body mass index over ____are defined medically as obese.

Answer 9

over 30.0