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Grade 12 Biology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Dehydration Reaction/Condensation Reaction

A

a chemical reaction that involves combining molecules to make a larger one following the loss of water

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2
Q

High heat of Vaporization

A
  • the boiling point of water
  • to evaporate, hydrogen bonds need to be broken to free the molecules
  • less energy is needed
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3
Q

High Specific Heat Capacity

A
  • the amount of energy needed to heat 1 unit of a substance 1 degree Celsius
  • lots of energy needed to heat water
  • water heats slowly and cools slowly
  • Heated: hydrogen bonds must break for molecules to move freely
  • Cooled: hydrogen bonds must reform and release extra energy
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4
Q

Waters Structure

A

A covalent bond between 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom -> Polar molecule (H2O)

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5
Q

Polarity

A

The electrons in a molecule are unevenly distributed

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6
Q

Waters Polarity

A

Electrons are strongly attracted to the oxygen atoms than the hydrogen atoms, oxygen has a slightly negative charge

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7
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

Each water molecule is slightly attracted to another water molecule, single hydrogen bonds are weak, each H2O can hydrogen bond to 4 other H2O molecules

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8
Q

Cohesion

A

The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

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9
Q

Adhesion

A

The attraction of water molecules to the molecules of other substances

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10
Q

Capillary Action

A

Cohesion and adhesion combined to allow water to both be attracted to itself and the object surrounding it, causing a meniscus to form or for trees to get water up to leaves from the roots

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11
Q

Isomerization

A

Molecules transform into a different chemical structure

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12
Q

Decarboxylation

A

A chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide

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13
Q

Phosphorylation

A

the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or ion

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14
Q

Oxidation

A

the loss of electrons that results in a molecule becoming oxidized

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15
Q

Reduction

A

The gain of electrons

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16
Q

Redox Reaction/Reduction Reaction

A

a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred from one substance to another

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17
Q

Reducing Agent/Oxidizing Agent

A

a molecule that donates an electron to an electron recipient

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18
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

the direct formation of ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a high energy compound to an ADP molecule

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19
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation/Chemiosmosis

A

the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients which releases chemical energy to create ATP

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20
Q

Metabolism

A

A chemical reaction in cells that transform food into energy (ATP)

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21
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

Builds complex molecules from simpler ones and typically needs an input of energy

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22
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, typically releasing energy

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23
Q

Free Energy

A

the energy available in a system to do work

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24
Q

Bond Energy

A

the amount of energy needed to break apart a molecule into atoms

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25
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only be transferred from one form to another

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26
Q

Energy Dynamic of ATP

A

Ion transport, muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, substrate phosphorylation, chemical synthesis

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27
Q

Secondary Active transport

A
  • Indirectly driven by PAT (enzyme) through ion gradients
  • ions move from low to high concentration
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28
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

uses ATP directly to move ions or molecules across a cell membrane

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29
Q

Active Transport

A
  • movement of cells across a concentration gradient
  • required ATP
  • cells move from low to high concentration
  • transport proteins are needed if small molecules move against the concentration gradient
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30
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • Type of positive transport where the solute moves down
  • used of molecules that do not diffuse through membranes
  • can be polar -> cant diffuse through lipid bilayer
  • some are too large to pass through
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31
Q

Transport Proteins

A

helps move molecules through the membrane easier

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32
Q

Hypertonic

A
  • the concentration of solute is lower outside than inside the cell
  • water will diffuse into the cell until an equilibrium point is reached
  • Cytolysis: too much water moves into the cell, the cell membrane ruptures due to water pressure
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33
Q

Hypotonic

A
  • the concentration of the solute is higher outside the cell than inside the cell
  • water will diffuse out until an equilibrium point is reached
  • Plasmolysis: too much water moves out and the cell collapses
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34
Q

Isotonic

A
  • the concentration of the solute and water is equal inside and out of the cell
  • water flows back and forth at the same rate in both directions
35
Q

Passive transport - Osmosis

A
  • the movement of water across a membrane from high to low concentration
  • depends on the relative concentrations of the solutes on both sides of the membrane
  • isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
36
Q

Passive Transport -> Diffusion

A
  • the movement of ions from high to low concentration
  • polar molecules pass through protein channels by transport proteins which protects the hydrophobic tails in the membrane
37
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy

38
Q

Diffusion

A
  • The spreading out of molecules from high to low concentration depending on size and type of molecules
  • smaller, non-polar substances can dissolve directly through the phospholipid bilayer
39
Q

The concentration gradient

A
  • cytoplasm contains solutions of substances of various concentrations
  • substances move along, down or across a concentration gradient from high to low concentration through passive transport
  • Active transport: low to high concentration
  • movement of molecules may or may not need a expenditure of energy
40
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process where the body responds to the external environment by causing changes in the internal environment to keep it stable

41
Q

Aquaporin

A

Protein channels in and out of the cell membrane

42
Q

Cell Membrane Structure

A
  • made of a phospholipid bilayer (flexible, proteins are embedded
  • Semipermeable, hydrophilic need a channel to move through
43
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Between cells, polar heads close by

44
Q

Fatty acid tails

A
  • goes towards the middle of the membrane
  • hydrophilic tail: non-polar
    hydrophilic head: polar
45
Q

Cytosol

A

Liquid component of the cytoplasm

46
Q

Cholesterol

A

In the middle, connects phospholipids together (warms) and keeps them apart (cools)

47
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

filaments that run through the cell and keeps everything in place

48
Q

Semi-permeable

A

regulates what goes in and out of the cell and provides protection and support to the cell

49
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A
  • Allows NAD+ to be recycled and glycolysis to continue
  • Occurs in plant cells, bacteria and yeast
50
Q

Beer Fermentation

A
  • Made from grains that are grounded with water and enzymes which break the starches into simple sugars
  • The mixture is placed in fermenters and yeast is added which consumes dextrose
  • Solution: 10% ethanol, 90% water
51
Q

Wine Fermentation

A
  • created in the same way -> grapes (high in sugar) ground up and placed in a oxygen free environment with yeast
  • yeast consumes sugar and produces CO2 and ethanol which is distilled into wine
52
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A
  • occurs in the cytoplasm of animals, some bacteria and fungi
  • cannot occur without oxygen, glycolysis keeps providing some energy
  • accumulation cannot continue forever
  • Allows NADH to be oxidized and glycolysis to continue
    Without O2, lactic acid is oxidized back to a pyruvate (citric acid cycle)
  • fermentation in multi-organisms to make yogurt and pickles
53
Q

Lactic Acid Buildup Results

A

causes fatigued, decrease in pH inside muscles

54
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process where substances are brought into a cell

55
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process where substances are removed from a cell

56
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process where a phagocyte surrounds and destroys foreign substances and removes dead cells

57
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The process where extracellular fluid and solutes are taken up into a cell via small vesicles

58
Q

At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy found in glucose is located in what molecule?

A

Pyruvate

59
Q

Which stage of photosynthesis occurs in the presence of CO2?

A

The calvin cycle

60
Q

Which stage of cellular respiration occurs first in the presence of O2?

A

Pyruvate Oxidation

61
Q

What breaks down a pyruvate into lactate in the absence of oxygen to obtain energy?

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

62
Q

What is the O2 in photosynthesis produced by?

A

The breakdown of H2O molecules

63
Q

What molecule is produced in pyruvate oxidation?

A

Acetyl-CoA

64
Q

What does light reactions form

A

ATP and NADPH

65
Q

What is the energy of motion

A

kinetic energy

66
Q

What is the final destination of the electrons released from water to photophosphorylation?

A

NADPH

67
Q

What is the individual flattened membrane-bound sac in the chloroplast called?

A

Thylakoid

68
Q

Where do the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 move to?

A

Moved between proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

69
Q

What is the type of reaction where a phosphate group is bonded to ADP by a high energy bond yield ATP?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

70
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

71
Q

What is the order of the overall metabolizing process of glucose?

A

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation

72
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

in the cytosol near the mitochondria

73
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

73
Q

Where does excess positive charged hydrogen ions end up in photophosphorylation?

A

In the thylakoid lumen

73
Q

When does the process of splitting water to release hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen occur?

A

During the light reactions

73
Q

Which molecule is directly shared between the Calvin and Krebs cycles?

A

CO2

74
Q

What does the energy released by the electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions across the membrane from?

A

the matrix to the intermembrane space

75
Q

What is the majority if the G3P produced during the reduction and carbohydrate production phase of photosynthesis is used to produce?

A

RuBP to continue the cycle

76
Q

What pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis

77
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In the chloroplast

78
Q

Light interacts with the pigment chlorophyll which is located where?

A

On the thylakoid membrane

79
Q

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

Granum

80
Q

What is the liquid surrounding the thylakoids called?

A

Stroma

Grade 12 Biology (3 decks)

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