Metabolism Flashcards
Dehydration Reaction/Condensation Reaction
a chemical reaction that involves combining molecules to make a larger one following the loss of water
High heat of Vaporization
- the boiling point of water
- to evaporate, hydrogen bonds need to be broken to free the molecules
- less energy is needed
High Specific Heat Capacity
- the amount of energy needed to heat 1 unit of a substance 1 degree Celsius
- lots of energy needed to heat water
- water heats slowly and cools slowly
- Heated: hydrogen bonds must break for molecules to move freely
- Cooled: hydrogen bonds must reform and release extra energy
Waters Structure
A covalent bond between 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom -> Polar molecule (H2O)
Polarity
The electrons in a molecule are unevenly distributed
Waters Polarity
Electrons are strongly attracted to the oxygen atoms than the hydrogen atoms, oxygen has a slightly negative charge
Hydrogen Bonding
Each water molecule is slightly attracted to another water molecule, single hydrogen bonds are weak, each H2O can hydrogen bond to 4 other H2O molecules
Cohesion
The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules
Adhesion
The attraction of water molecules to the molecules of other substances
Capillary Action
Cohesion and adhesion combined to allow water to both be attracted to itself and the object surrounding it, causing a meniscus to form or for trees to get water up to leaves from the roots
Isomerization
Molecules transform into a different chemical structure
Decarboxylation
A chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide
Phosphorylation
the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or ion
Oxidation
the loss of electrons that results in a molecule becoming oxidized
Reduction
The gain of electrons
Redox Reaction/Reduction Reaction
a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred from one substance to another
Reducing Agent/Oxidizing Agent
a molecule that donates an electron to an electron recipient
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
the direct formation of ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a high energy compound to an ADP molecule
Oxidative Phosphorylation/Chemiosmosis
the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients which releases chemical energy to create ATP
Metabolism
A chemical reaction in cells that transform food into energy (ATP)
Anabolic Pathway
Builds complex molecules from simpler ones and typically needs an input of energy
Catabolic Pathway
the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, typically releasing energy
Free Energy
the energy available in a system to do work
Bond Energy
the amount of energy needed to break apart a molecule into atoms
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only be transferred from one form to another
Energy Dynamic of ATP
Ion transport, muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, substrate phosphorylation, chemical synthesis
Secondary Active transport
- Indirectly driven by PAT (enzyme) through ion gradients
- ions move from low to high concentration
Primary Active Transport
uses ATP directly to move ions or molecules across a cell membrane
Active Transport
- movement of cells across a concentration gradient
- required ATP
- cells move from low to high concentration
- transport proteins are needed if small molecules move against the concentration gradient
Facilitated Diffusion
- Type of positive transport where the solute moves down
- used of molecules that do not diffuse through membranes
- can be polar -> cant diffuse through lipid bilayer
- some are too large to pass through
Transport Proteins
helps move molecules through the membrane easier
Hypertonic
- the concentration of solute is lower outside than inside the cell
- water will diffuse into the cell until an equilibrium point is reached
- Cytolysis: too much water moves into the cell, the cell membrane ruptures due to water pressure
Hypotonic
- the concentration of the solute is higher outside the cell than inside the cell
- water will diffuse out until an equilibrium point is reached
- Plasmolysis: too much water moves out and the cell collapses
Isotonic
- the concentration of the solute and water is equal inside and out of the cell
- water flows back and forth at the same rate in both directions
Passive transport - Osmosis
- the movement of water across a membrane from high to low concentration
- depends on the relative concentrations of the solutes on both sides of the membrane
- isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
Passive Transport -> Diffusion
- the movement of ions from high to low concentration
- polar molecules pass through protein channels by transport proteins which protects the hydrophobic tails in the membrane
Passive transport
Movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy
Diffusion
- The spreading out of molecules from high to low concentration depending on size and type of molecules
- smaller, non-polar substances can dissolve directly through the phospholipid bilayer
The concentration gradient
- cytoplasm contains solutions of substances of various concentrations
- substances move along, down or across a concentration gradient from high to low concentration through passive transport
- Active transport: low to high concentration
- movement of molecules may or may not need a expenditure of energy
Homeostasis
The process where the body responds to the external environment by causing changes in the internal environment to keep it stable
Aquaporin
Protein channels in and out of the cell membrane
Cell Membrane Structure
- made of a phospholipid bilayer (flexible, proteins are embedded
- Semipermeable, hydrophilic need a channel to move through
Interstitial fluid
Between cells, polar heads close by
Fatty acid tails
- goes towards the middle of the membrane
- hydrophilic tail: non-polar
hydrophilic head: polar
Cytosol
Liquid component of the cytoplasm
Cholesterol
In the middle, connects phospholipids together (warms) and keeps them apart (cools)
Cytoskeleton
filaments that run through the cell and keeps everything in place
Semi-permeable
regulates what goes in and out of the cell and provides protection and support to the cell
Alcohol Fermentation
- Allows NAD+ to be recycled and glycolysis to continue
- Occurs in plant cells, bacteria and yeast
Beer Fermentation
- Made from grains that are grounded with water and enzymes which break the starches into simple sugars
- The mixture is placed in fermenters and yeast is added which consumes dextrose
- Solution: 10% ethanol, 90% water
Wine Fermentation
- created in the same way -> grapes (high in sugar) ground up and placed in a oxygen free environment with yeast
- yeast consumes sugar and produces CO2 and ethanol which is distilled into wine
Lactic Acid Fermentation
- occurs in the cytoplasm of animals, some bacteria and fungi
- cannot occur without oxygen, glycolysis keeps providing some energy
- accumulation cannot continue forever
- Allows NADH to be oxidized and glycolysis to continue
Without O2, lactic acid is oxidized back to a pyruvate (citric acid cycle) - fermentation in multi-organisms to make yogurt and pickles
Lactic Acid Buildup Results
causes fatigued, decrease in pH inside muscles
Endocytosis
The process where substances are brought into a cell
Exocytosis
The process where substances are removed from a cell
Phagocytosis
The process where a phagocyte surrounds and destroys foreign substances and removes dead cells
Pinocytosis
The process where extracellular fluid and solutes are taken up into a cell via small vesicles
At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy found in glucose is located in what molecule?
Pyruvate
Which stage of photosynthesis occurs in the presence of CO2?
The calvin cycle
Which stage of cellular respiration occurs first in the presence of O2?
Pyruvate Oxidation
What breaks down a pyruvate into lactate in the absence of oxygen to obtain energy?
Lactic Acid Fermentation
What is the O2 in photosynthesis produced by?
The breakdown of H2O molecules
What molecule is produced in pyruvate oxidation?
Acetyl-CoA
What does light reactions form
ATP and NADPH
What is the energy of motion
kinetic energy
What is the final destination of the electrons released from water to photophosphorylation?
NADPH
What is the individual flattened membrane-bound sac in the chloroplast called?
Thylakoid
Where do the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 move to?
Moved between proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
What is the type of reaction where a phosphate group is bonded to ADP by a high energy bond yield ATP?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the intermembrane space of the mitochondria
What is the order of the overall metabolizing process of glucose?
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation
Where does fermentation occur?
in the cytosol near the mitochondria
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix
Where does excess positive charged hydrogen ions end up in photophosphorylation?
In the thylakoid lumen
When does the process of splitting water to release hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen occur?
During the light reactions
Which molecule is directly shared between the Calvin and Krebs cycles?
CO2
What does the energy released by the electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions across the membrane from?
the matrix to the intermembrane space
What is the majority if the G3P produced during the reduction and carbohydrate production phase of photosynthesis is used to produce?
RuBP to continue the cycle
What pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?
glycolysis
Where does photosynthesis occur?
In the chloroplast
Light interacts with the pigment chlorophyll which is located where?
On the thylakoid membrane
What is a stack of thylakoids called?
Granum
What is the liquid surrounding the thylakoids called?
Stroma
