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Exam 2 Theory > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland?

A. Regulates blood glucose levels
B. Controls metabolic rate
C. Stimulates immune function
D. Produces growth hormone

A

Answer: B
Rationale: The thyroid gland controls the rate at which the body produces energy from nutrients by secreting thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)​

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2
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. Insulin

A

Answer: C
Rationale: The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine​

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3
Q

Which of the following is a symptom of hyperthyroidism?

A. Bradycardia
B. Weight gain
C. Constipation
D. Tachycardia

A

Answer: D
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism speeds up metabolism, leading to an increased heart rate (tachycardia

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4
Q

Which condition is associated with insufficient secretion of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex?

A. Addison’s disease
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Hyperparathyroidism

A

Answer: A
Rationale: Addison’s disease is caused by inadequate secretion of corticosteroids, leading to symptoms such as weakness and weight loss​

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5
Q

Which hormone plays a role in blood calcium regulation by increasing calcium resorption from the bones?

A. Calcitonin
B. Insulin
C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D. Epinephrine

A

Answer: C
Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels by increasing calcium release from the bones into the blood​

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6
Q

True or False: The pineal gland regulates circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin.

A

Answer: True
Rationale: The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles

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7
Q

True or False: Type II diabetes mellitus is commonly caused by the immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

A

Answer: False
Rationale: Type I diabetes mellitus is associated with immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Type II is usually due to insulin resistance and lifestyle factors​

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8
Q

True or False: Cushing’s syndrome results from prolonged exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids.

A

Answer: True
Rationale: Cushing’s syndrome is characterized by high levels of cortisol due to excessive corticosteroid exposure

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9
Q

True or False: Hypothyroidism can lead to decreased heart rate, temperature, and memory loss.

A

Answer: True
Rationale: Hypothyroidism slows down metabolism, leading to decreased heart rate, lower body temperature, and memory problems​

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10
Q

Select all that apply: Which of the following are risk factors for hyperthyroidism?

A. Female gender
B. Smoking
C. Iodine deficiency
D. Age 20-40 years
E. Advanced age

A

Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is more common in women, smokers, and individuals aged 20-40 years

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11
Q

True or False: Insulin is a lipid-soluble hormone that freely circulates in the blood.

A

Answer: False
Rationale: Insulin is a water-soluble hormone, which circulates freely in the blood

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12
Q

Select all that apply: Which of the following are common risk factors for impaired hormonal regulation?

A. Obesity
B. Autoimmune conditions
C. Stress
D. Gender
E. Cancer treatment

A

Answer: A, B, C, E
Rationale: Obesity, autoimmune conditions, stress, and cancer treatment are risk factors for hormonal imbalances​

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12
Q

Select all that apply: Which hormones are produced by the pancreas?

A. Glucagon
B. Insulin
C. Somatostatin
D. Cortisol
E. Amylin

A

Answer: A, B, C, E
Rationale: The pancreas produces glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and amylin. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex​

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13
Q

Select all that apply: What are some classic symptoms of Type II diabetes mellitus?

A. Polyuria
B. Weight gain
C. Polydipsia
D. Polyphagia
E. Constipation

A

Answer: A, C, D
Rationale: Type II diabetes is characterized by increased urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and excessive hunger (polyphagia)​

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14
Q

Select all that apply: What are some consequences of impaired hormonal regulation?

A. Alterations in cognition
B. Changes in reproductive function
C. Hypertension
D. Alterations in growth
E. Mood stabilization

A

Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: Impaired hormonal regulation can lead to altered cognition, changes in reproductive function, and abnormal growth

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15
Q

Which test is used to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome?

A. Fasting blood glucose
B. Dexamethasone suppression test
C. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D. Serum calcium

A

Answer: B
Rationale: The dexamethasone suppression test is used to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome

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16
Q

Which hormone is necessary for regulating sodium and potassium levels by acting on the kidneys?

A. Glucagon
B. Aldosterone
C. Cortisol
D. Oxytocin

A

Answer: B
Rationale: Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels through its action on the kidneys

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17
Q

Which hormone is necessary for the conversion of vitamin D to its active form (D3)?

A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B. Calcitonin
C. Insulin
D. Glucagon

A

Answer: A
Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a role in converting vitamin D to its active form

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18
Q

Which condition is characterized by truncal obesity, purple striae, and easy bruising?

A. Addison’s disease
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Type II diabetes mellitus

A

Answer: B
Rationale: Cushing’s syndrome presents with symptoms like truncal obesity, purple striae, and easy bruising due to excess corticosteroids

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19
Q

What is a common risk factor for Addison’s disease?

A. Obesity
B. Autoimmune response
C. Thyroid atrophy
D. Pituitary adenoma

A

Answer: B
Rationale: Addison’s disease often results from an autoimmune response, where the body attacks the adrenal glands

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20
Q

Which diagnostic test is used to assess the function of the adrenal cortex in Addison’s disease?

A. Cortisol level test
B. Fasting blood glucose
C. TSH
D. Dexamethasone suppression test

A

Answer: A
Rationale: Cortisol levels are measured to assess adrenal cortex function in Addison’s disease

21
Q

Which of the following is a primary function of insulin?

A. Decreases blood glucose by promoting its uptake into cells
B. Increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown
C. Increases calcium absorption
D. Stimulates melatonin production

A

Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by promoting its uptake into cells

22
Q

Which hormone is required for euglycemia, or properly regulated blood glucose levels?

A. Parathyroid hormone
B. Cortisol
C. Insulin
D. Thyroxine

A

Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin is crucial in maintaining euglycemia by facilitating glucose uptake

23
Q

What electrolyte imbalance is associated with hypoparathyroidism?

A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypernatremia

A

Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoparathyroidism leads to hypocalcemia, as the body’s calcium regulation is disrupted

24
Q

Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary?

A. Oxytocin
B. Growth hormone
C. Cortisol
D. Epinephrine

A

Answer: B
Rationale: The anterior pituitary produces growth hormone, which stimulates growth and development

25
Q

True or False: A sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for Type I diabetes.

A

Answer: False
Rationale: A sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for Type II diabetes, not Type I, which is caused by immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing cells

26
Q

True or False: Calcitonin is secreted when calcium levels in the blood are high to lower calcium levels.

A

Answer: True
Rationale: Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland to lower calcium levels when they are elevated

27
Q

True or False: Patients with Addison’s disease are at risk for developing hyperpigmentation of the skin.

A

Answer: True
Rationale: Hyperpigmentation, especially in sun-exposed areas, is a hallmark of Addison’s disease

28
Q

True or False: Hyperglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL.

A

Answer: False
Rationale: Hyperglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level above 100 mg/dL in the fasting state

29
Q

True or False: Gigantism is caused by excess growth hormone secretion in children.

A

Answer: True
Rationale: Gigantism results from excessive secretion of growth hormone in children before the growth plates close

30
Q

Select all that apply: What are some common clinical signs of Addison’s disease?

A. Hypertension
B. Progressive weakness
C. Anorexia
D. Weight gain
E. Hyperpigmentation

A

Answer: B, C, E
Rationale: Addison’s disease commonly presents with progressive weakness, anorexia, and hyperpigmentation

30
Q

Select all that apply: What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A. Weight loss
B. Bradycardia
C. Constipation
D. Heat intolerance
E. Fatigue

A

Answer: B, C, E
Rationale: Hypothyroidism slows down metabolic processes, leading to symptoms like bradycardia, constipation, and fatigue

31
Q

Select all that apply: Which are key hormones involved in glucose regulation?

A. Glucagon
B. Aldosterone
C. Insulin
D. Parathyroid hormone
E. Cortisol

A

Answer: A, C, E
Rationale: Glucagon, insulin, and cortisol all play roles in regulating blood glucose levels

31
Q

Select all that apply: Which factors can trigger the release of hormones from endocrine glands?

A. Fear
B. Pain
C. Hypothermia
D. Trauma
E. Genetic predisposition

A

Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: Fear, pain, and trauma can stimulate the nervous system to control hormone secretion

32
Q

Select all that apply: Which glands secrete water-soluble hormones?

A. Pancreas
B. Thyroid
C. Adrenal cortex
D. Pituitary
E. Pineal gland

A

Answer: A, D, E
Rationale: The pancreas, pituitary, and pineal glands secrete water-soluble hormones that circulate freely in the blood

33
Q

Which hormone is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?

A. Insulin
B. Melatonin
C. Oxytocin
D. Prolactin

A

Answer: B
Rationale: The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms

34
Q

Which electrolyte is primarily regulated by aldosterone?

A. Potassium
B. Calcium
C. Sodium
D. Magnesium

A

Answer: C
Rationale: Aldosterone primarily regulates sodium levels by promoting its reabsorption in the kidneys

35
Q

What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A. Lower blood calcium levels
B. Stimulate glucose uptake
C. Increase blood calcium levels
D. Stimulate insulin release

A

Answer: C
Rationale: PTH increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium resorption from bones and decreasing calcium excretion in the kidneys

36
Q

Which condition is characterized by excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults, leading to enlarged bones in the hands, feet, and face?

A. Dwarfism
B. Acromegaly
C. Gigantism
D. Hyperthyroidism

A

Answer: B
Rationale: Acromegaly is the result of excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults after the growth plates have closed

37
Q

Which gland secretes hormones that play a key role in immune function, particularly in childhood?

A. Adrenal cortex
B. Pineal gland
C. Thymus
D. Thyroid gland

A

Answer: C
Rationale: The thymus gland is involved in immune function, particularly in childhood, by helping to develop T-cells

38
Q

Select all that apply: What are the diagnostic criteria for Type II diabetes mellitus?

A. A1C ≥ 6.5%
B. Random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL with symptoms
C. Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL
D. Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL
E. Two-hour postprandial glucose ≥ 140 mg/dL

A

Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: Diagnostic criteria for Type II diabetes include A1C ≥ 6.5%, random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL with symptoms, and fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL

39
Q

Select all that apply: Which hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

A. Glucocorticoids
B. Mineralocorticoids
C. Catecholamines
D. Androgens
E. Insulin

A

Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens

39
Q

Select all that apply: Which are common risk factors for hormonal imbalances?

A. Chronic medical conditions
B. Sedentary lifestyle
C. Stress
D. Family history
E. Trauma

A

Answer: A, B, C, D, E
Rationale: Hormonal imbalances can be influenced by chronic medical conditions, lifestyle factors, stress, family history, and trauma

40
Q

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with Cushing’s syndrome?

A. Hypotension
B. Muscle weakness
C. Hyperpigmentation
D. Hypoglycemia

A

Answer: B
Rationale: Cushing’s syndrome is associated with symptoms such as muscle weakness due to protein catabolism

41
Q

Which of the following is a sign of hypoglycemia?

A. Blood glucose > 200 mg/dL
B. Tremors and sweating
C. Dry mouth
D. Hyperthermia

A

Answer: B
Rationale: Tremors and sweating are signs of hypoglycemia, typically when blood glucose levels drop below 70 mg/dL

42
Q

Which gland is referred to as the “master gland” of the endocrine system?

A. Thyroid gland
B. Pituitary gland
C. Adrenal cortex
D. Parathyroid gland

A

Answer: B
Rationale: The pituitary gland is often referred to as the “master gland” because it regulates the function of many other endocrine glands

43
Q

Which condition is commonly seen with excessive catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla?

A. Addison’s disease
B. Pheochromocytoma
C. Acromegaly
D. Diabetes mellitus

A

Answer: B
Rationale: Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla, leading to excessive catecholamine release

44
Q

Which of the following is a primary symptom of hyperparathyroidism?

A. Hypocalcemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hyponatremia

A

Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperparathyroidism results in hypercalcemia due to increased calcium resorption from the bones

45
Q

What condition results from the insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Addison’s disease
D. Cushing’s syndrome

A

Answer: B
Rationale: Diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency in ADH, leading to excessive water loss through urine

46
Q

Which gland secretes glucocorticoids that are essential for stress response and metabolism regulation?

A. Pituitary gland
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Thyroid gland
D. Pancreas

A

Answer: B
Rationale: The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids such as cortisol, which are important for metabolism and the stress response

Exam 2 Theory (4 decks)

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