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FoundSci I Unit 3 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Oxidize complex molecules, generating smaller molecule. Release energy in process

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2
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Synthesize complex molecules from smaller molecules and require energy input

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3
Q

What are the two metabolic pathways?

A

Catabolic and Anabolic

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4
Q

What are the major macronutrients?

A

Fat
Carbohydrate
Protein

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5
Q

What is the fed state?

A

Your diet

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6
Q

What is included in the fasting state?

A

Carbohydrate released from glycogen deposits and synthesized from amino acids

Fat released from triacylglyceride stores

Protein from catabolism of muscle protein, releasing free amino acids

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7
Q

What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range for carbs?

A

45%-65%

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8
Q

How many calories in 1 g of carbohydrates?

A

4 kcal

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9
Q

What are digestible carbs and what do they degrade to?

A

Mostly starch and degraded to glucose, which is needed by red blood cells, brain, and many tissues

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10
Q

What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range for fat?

A

20%-35%

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11
Q

How many calories in 1g of fat?

A

9 kcal - energy dense

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12
Q

What is the major fat source, what does it degrade to, and what is it important for?

A

Triacylglycerols

Degraded to fatty acids that are important energy source for skeletal and cardiac muscle, used by liver, but NOT the brain

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13
Q

What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range of protein?

A

10%-35%

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14
Q

How many calories in 1g of protein?

A

4 kcal

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15
Q

What is protein degraded to and where is it abosorbed?

A

Amino acids.

Absorbed by various tissues for protein synthehsis and oxidation of energy

Partial oxidation occurs in the liver when used for gluconeogenesis or lipogenesis

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16
Q

What is the “other” source of calories?

A

Alcohol. Produces 7 kcal per 1g of ethanol.

17
Q

What is the driving net force of a reaction?

A

Gibbs free energy change

18
Q

What does it mean when Gibbs free energy change is negative?

A

Spontaneous reaction. Products have less free energy than reactants

19
Q

What does Gibbs Free Energy equal at equilibrium?

A

0

20
Q

Does Gibbs Free Energy tells us about rate of a reaction?

A

no!!!

21
Q

What are standard conditions for free energy change? What does it allow?

A

concentration of reactant and product = 1M

Pressure of 1 atm

Temperature of 25 degrees Celsius

pH of 7

Change in Gibbs Free Energy is constant

*Allows reactions to be compared under identical conditions

22
Q

What does Gibbs free energy change rely on?

A

Depends on relative concentration of products and reactants

23
Q

How does metabolism relate to Gibbs Free Energy change?

A

Products often removed during metabolism which changes the concentration of products and then changes gibbs free energy change

24
Q

Reaction coupling. What is the overall free energy change?

A

Two reactions can be coupled together if they share common intermediates. Overall free energy change for a couples series is equal to the sum of the free energy changes of the individual steps.

25
Q

What does it mean if change in gibbs free energy is positive?

A

Reaction is unfavored, would want to go backwards under standard conditions

26
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Occurs in mitochondria and associated with inner mitochondrial membrane

Reduced electron carriers (NAHD, FADH2) are re-oxidized to NAD+ and FAD+ and electrons are transferred to O2 so O2 is reduced to H2O

Results in release of free energy and used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

27
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

28
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

29
Q

Oxidation of metabolites results in reduction of what electron carriers?

A

NAD+/NADP+

FAD

FMN

30
Q

Reduction Potential

A

How willing a compound is to accept electrons. Measured in Volts and given he symbol E prime’

31
Q

Compounds that accept electrons and become reduced have ____

A

Positive E prime’ and are oxidizing agents

32
Q

Compounds that donate electrons and become oxidized have _____

A

Negative E prime’ and are reducing agents

33
Q

Why is the free enrgy from the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen important?

A

Harnessed to synthesize ATP by the mitochondria

34
Q

What do NAD+/NADP+ contain?

A

Nicotinamide which is derived from niacin (vitamin B3)

35
Q

What is FAD/FMN contain?

A

Riboflavin, vitamin B2

36
Q

What happens with deficiency of niacin?

A

Common in alcohol use disorders

Symptoms include pellagra - dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

FoundSci I Unit 3 (13 decks)

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