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Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the energy stored from the catabolism of pyruvate?

A

NADH, FADH2, and ATP
via GTP

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2
Q

When FAD is reduced to energized FADH2, the energy comes from oxidation of succinate

A

Coupled reactions

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3
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

A coupling reaction occurs when two chemical species of different kinds react with a common intermediate and a metal catalyst to produce a new product

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4
Q

What is the purpose of GDP and GTP?

A

Used to phosphorylate an ADP to an ATP

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5
Q

How much ATP does FADH2 generate?

A

2

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6
Q

How much ATP is generated from NADH

A

3

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7
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?O

A

Oxygen

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8
Q

What is used to help with passive diffusion of H+ in the IMM?

A

ATP synthase helps push H+ through IMM with facilitated diffusion

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9
Q

What makes up the electrochemical gradient?

A

Protons pushed against its concentration gradient, energy used from NADH and FADH2

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10
Q

All reactions in the ETC are what

A

redox rxns

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11
Q

After 1/2O2 is used, it gets turned into___

A

water

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12
Q

there is a high concentration of __ Outside the membrane

A

Hydrogen; H+

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13
Q

After NADH reaches the ETC it does what

A

Gets oxidized into NAD+ and releases it’s e- aka H+ ions

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14
Q

Complex i in the ETC does what

A

takes 2e- from NADH and pumps protons across the IMM

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15
Q

Complex iii in the ETC does what

A

e- taken from Q pumps protons across IMM

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16
Q

What does Q (landing spot) do?

A

e= transferred from complex i, and can move with phospholipid bilayer,
mobile component

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17
Q

Complex iv does what?

A

e- are transferred from Cyt c, protons pumped across the IMM

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18
Q

Complex Cyt C does what?

A

e- transferred from Complex iii,
is a mobile component of the surface of the IMM, it’s a peripheral protein in the intermembrane space

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19
Q

With enough e- passing through 1/2O2 molecule, it can produce __

A

1 molecule of water; water is a waste product of ETC

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20
Q

How is the electrochemical gradient made?

A

There are electrons bouncing and being pumped from the complexes which creates enough energy to pump H+ against the concentration gradient

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21
Q

For every H+ atom, there is __ pump

A

1 pump
3 pumps, 3 ATP generated

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22
Q

Complex ii does what?

A

It starts later because 2e- are transferred from FADH2; no protons pumped through the IMM
e- transferred to Q and help proceed through ETC

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23
Q

FADH2 e- transferred to O2 activate __ proton pumps
NADH e- transferred to O2 activate __ proton pumps

A

activates 2
activates 3

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24
Q

What is the driving force behind the energy transformation of H+ atoms in the ETC?

A

The highly electronegative O2; it wants to absorb and take the e-

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25
Chemiosmosis: uses ATP synthase, it is diffusion of:
the movement of H+ atoms down the gradient from a [high] to [low]
26
Chemiosmosis is the conversion factor of
NADH and FADH2, this is what creates the synthesis of ATP
27
Kinetic energy from proton flow transforms into ____ changing conformation of ATP synthase to catalyze the formation of ____
mechanical energy; ATP
28
In what process is ATP being made?
Oxidative phosphorylation depending on which shuttle transports e- from the cytoplasm
29
uncoupling of ETC results in a:
proton leak, allowing energy to flow through, which means energy is lost as heat instead of being used for the body
30
what are the relative electronegativities of the 5 cytochromes/complexes?
they're in ascending order from least electronegative
31
what is needed for ATP synthase to produce ATP?
A high electrochemical gradient; which powers the pump to allow for the H+ in the enzyme to spin and churn out ATP; catalyzing ADP to ATP
32
What are pigments?
they absorb light and reflect light, which allow for the color we see; they're the little lilypads
33
What are the pigments in photosynthesis, where can they be located?
Chlorophyll a (absorbs the most light; not green) Chlorophyll b inside the thylakoid; the little disk
34
What are light dependent rxns:
they require light, which allows to split a water molecule; releases O2, produces ATP and forms NADPH; inside the grana
35
What are light independent rxns:
no light directly required; Calvin Cycle Occurs inside stoma; cytoplasm Forms sugar from the CO2 entering the thylakoid, using ATP for energy and NADPH for reducing power
36
Photoexcitation happens in the
Light dependent rxn; absorption of light photons there is an energy gain when atoms absorb the energy when e- fall back onto ground state(on the chlorophyll molecule}
37
Where is the reaction centre, what does it do?
It is surrounded by all these lily pads that harvest all the energy; found in the thylakoid membrane It contains the primary e- acceptor, with the photosystems
38
What are the photosystems, how do they differ?
PSii 680: absorbs the red wavelength, 680 nm, this happens first to provide energy to break water PSi 700: absorbs the far red wavelength, 700nm They collect the light energy and they excite chlorophyll in respected PS, to transfer all its e- to an e- acceptor (e- mobile carriers) for ELECCTRON TRANSPORT
39
How do we get a concentration gradient?
Pumping protons into the thylakoid; causes the protons to repel each other and get pushed into ATP Synthase
40
2 kinds of Electron Transport?
Non cyclic: Both ATP and NADPH; linear pathway Cyclic: Only ATP; only needs PS1, needs more ATP
41
What happens when water is split?
It gets broken down into 2 e- 2 H+ and 1/2O2,(later gets turned into O2 to be released out) and then the H+ get released into the lumen creating a concentration gradient
42
What happens when a light photon hits the pigment molecule in PSii?
It excites the e-, jumping from each pigment molecule until it reaches the reaction centre and excites one of the P680 e- which is taken in from the primary e- acceptor
43
What help carry electrons in the ETC?
Mobile e- carriers; Pq, Cytochrome complex, Pc small mobile proteins
44
What happens when a light photon hits the pigment molecule in PSi?
Light photon hits a pigment molecule, fall of e- create energy for active transport of protons across the membrane into the lumen it jumps until it reaches a P700 e- and the primary e- acceptor, creating a 'hole' in P700
45
ATP synthase is produced in the _
stoma; creating ATP; phosphorylation, by chemiosmosis
45
Final E- acceptor
NADP+; reduced to NADPH with 1H+ and 2 e-
45
What is the hole filled by in P700?
An e- that reaches the bottom of ETC in PSii
45
What does Fd (ferredoxin) do?
another mobile e- carrier on the surface of the thylakoid
45
How does the Calvin Cycle work in the stoma?
3 CO2 are attached to 3 Ribulose biphosphate with the help of RuBisCo (3 6 Carbon molecule) Which split into 6 3 Carbon molecules 6 ATP are used to add a Phosphate group onto each 3 carbon molecules 6 NADPH are used to create NADP+ and 6 Phosphates to make 6 G3P Only 1 G3P leaves to make sugar 5 G3P and 3 ATP are used to recreate 3 Ribulose biphosphate
46
How many CO2 molecules are needed to make 1 molecule of glucose?
3 CO2 = 1 G3P (2G3P ---> 1 glucose) 6CO2; 2 turns of Calvin cycle
47
How many ATP and NADPH molecules are used to form 1 molecule of glucose?
9 ATP + 6 NADPH ---> 1 G3P 18 ATP + 12 NADPH ---> 2G3P (1 glucose)
48
What happens if you increase light intensity?
increases photosynthesis, Rubisco slow acting, so it will increase until it plateaus as proteins and enzymes can't keep up
49
What happens if [O2] is high?
rubisco binds to O2, photorespiration, causing plant to skip calvin, glucose not made, waste of energy
50
What is carbon fixation?
Carbon fixation is the process by which plants fix atmospheric carbon to form organic compounds; inorganic ---> organic
51
How is NADPH created?
Combines with 2 e- and 1 H+ with NADP+
52
Where is the Calvin Cycle located?
In the stroma, empty space of the chloroplast
53
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the __
muscle cells
54
Which is not a byproduct of glycolysis? A. NADH B. Glucose C. Water D. Pyruvic acid E. ATP
B. Glucose; reactant
55
Site of Kreb cycle
Mitochondrial matrix
56
Used to donate e- to pigments
h2O
57
Site of alcohol fermentation
cytosol
58
product of Calvin cycle
G3P
59
ETC shuttles (glycolysis)
Glycerol phosphate shuttle; less effective, carries out FADH2 Malate aspartate shuttle; more effective; carries out NADH all the way out
60
Where does glycerol phosphate shuttle pick up energy from?
Translocates electrons produced during glycolysis across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation by oxidizing cytoplasmic NADH to NAD+ Consumes 2 ATP for entry of glycolytic NADH into mitochondria
61
Cyclic photophosphorylation happens only in ____
Photosystem I; only ATP is produced
62
Non cyclic can happen in __
Both photosystems; NADPH and ATP are produced

Study Notes for Exams (5 decks)

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