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Gene Regulation (DNA) Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleosomes are made up of how many histones?

A

8; they wrap around DNA and coats them to allow for wrapping

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2
Q

Origin of Replication (OriC) occurs where

A

Area rich in A&Ts; easier to break, 2 bonds

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3
Q

DNA gyrase or tepoisomerase help with

A

preventing DNA from binding back together by cutting snipits and loosen the tension

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4
Q

Replication bubble

A

2 origin of replication, making a bubble

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5
Q

DNA Pol i

A

fills in gap after RNA primer is removed, does DNA repair and removes RNA primer
3’–>5’ and 5’—>3’

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6
Q

DNA Pol ii

A

DNA repair 3’–>5’

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7
Q

DNA Pol iii

A

replication, proofreading, editing
3’–>5’ and 5’—>3’

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8
Q

What direction does DNA Polymerase move to produce a new strand of DNA?

A

5’—>3’

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9
Q

Which direction is the leading strand?

A

5’—>3’; continuously

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10
Q

Telomeres are found __ and do __

A

found at ends of linear chromosomes, protecting genes,
repetitive TTAGGG sequence

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11
Q

Telomerase does what

A

restores length of telomers, only for lagging strand

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12
Q

DNA to DNA is

A

replication

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13
Q

DNA to RNA

A

transcription

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14
Q

DNA to Proteins

A

translation

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15
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA
blueprint for proteins, carried to ribosomes from cytoplasm

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16
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
helps transfer mRNA to help link a.a to polypeptide chain

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17
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA
decodes mRNA to a protein
a.a H-bond to tRNA with help of enzymes , amino-acetyl tRNA
ANTIcodon, code on lower loop

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18
Q

snRNA

A

Snurps
combines with proteins to form a slicesome complex to cut out introns from mRNA

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19
Q

Promotor

A

indicates the location of a gene, located upstream on the DNA region that contains the info for transcription into mRNA

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20
Q

RNA polymerase

A

transcription enzyme 3’—>5’

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21
Q

Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the __

A

promoter region, and finds the TATA box in eukaryotes

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22
Q

Elongation

A

NTP’s used to build strands, no primer needed

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23
Q

ANTI SENSE strand

A

template strand 3’—>5’
basis to build RNA
so when RNA polymerase stars building RNA it’s from 5’—>3’

24
Q

SENSE strand

A

coding strand 5’—>3’
mRNA base sequence will be the same except T is replaced with U

25
What are the modifications that are needed for mRNA?
poly A tail (helps it leave the nucleus without being degraded inside the cytosol) intron removal 5' cap (helps with degradation)
26
introns
non coding segments on mRNA
27
what glues the exons back together?
the splicesome
28
each base triplet in RNA is a
codon
29
stop codons
UAA UAG UGA
30
start codon
AUG
31
what is the reading frame
sequence of codons that result in protein formation
32
translation initiation
ribosome subunit recognizes the 5' cap and binds to it, looks for start codon then the large subunit clamps onto it with the tRNA at P site A site will code for a specific a.a and is carried by rRNA to the a.a on the P site (polypeptide chain), then it'll move along until it reaches E site, where tRNA goes and grabs another a.a keeps going until stop codonp
33
proteins are produced from___terminus to ___ terminus
N (amino) to C (carboxyl)
34
Posttranslational modifications
other functional groups or larger molecules may be added onto the protein, proteins can also be cleaved into different pieces to carry out specific functions, to help with final folding
35
Point mutations
missense nonsense silent
36
silent mutation
codes for the same amino acid, just different 3rd base
37
missense
codes for a different amino acid, typically the 2nd base
38
nonsense
codes for an early STOP codon; missing big chunks of DNA
39
Frameshift
deletion insertions
40
deletion mutation
NTs are deleted/removed from DNA
41
insertions
NTs are added into the section of DNA, could code for an early STOP codon
42
Chromosomal mutations
translocation inversions duplication
43
translocation
CHUNKS of DNA are put into a different parts of the chromosome; exchanged
44
inversions
sections of DNA are inversed, read upside down
45
duplications
sections of DNA are repeated
46
mutations can be detected by
DNA Polymerase i
47
mismatch mutations can be fixed by
all dna polymerase
48
DNA isolation
DNA isolated from cells, it can be from; blenders and detergent meat tenderizer DNA precipitation in cold ethanol
49
Restriction enzymes
enzymes can cut backbones of DNA @ specific sequences/recognition sites 5' GAATTC 3' 3' CTTAAG 5' (same forward and backwards) sticky ends, make overhangs 5' G 3' 5'AATTC 3' 3' CTTAA5' 3' G 5' 5' overhang 5' GAATT3' 5' C 3' 3' C 5' 3' TTAAG 5' 3' overhang or Blunt ends 5' GAA TTC 3' 3' CTT AAG 5'
50
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
DNA strand denaturation: 95°, separating each strand and each strand becoming a template strand Primer annealing: 50-65°, binding short pieces of DNA to template strands DNA strand synthesis: 72°, producing new strands by elongation
51
Gel electrophoresis
separates DNA, RNA, proteins by dragging them through an electric current
52
gel medium can be made from
agarose - seaweed extract polyacrylamide - artificial polymer
53
what are the parts of a lac operon
promotor oppressors repressor gene 1 lac Z gene 2 lac Y gene 3 lac A
54
what happens when lactose is present?
repressor is bonded to the oppressor, with an active site for the lactose (substrate) to fit into, after the substrate binds to the repressor, the repressor leaves and then RNA polymerase is free to code for the enzyme lactase to break down the lactose present
55
what if all lactose is broken down
substrate inside the repressor is gone, repressor binds back to the active site of the oppressor and lactase is no longer made, and RNA polymerase cannot code for any more enzymes
56
enzyme only used for prokaryotes during DNA replication
DNA gyrase

Study Notes for Exams (5 decks)

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