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ACVIM Generals > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

90-95% of serum copper is bound to __

A

Ceruloplasmin

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2
Q

What enzymes is copper an integral part of?

A

Superoxide dismutase
Monoamine oxidase

Cytochrome P450 is IRON

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3
Q

Most iron in the body is in the form of __

A

Hemoglobin

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4
Q

There are __ iron atoms per molecule of hemoglobin

A

4

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5
Q

__ is secreted in bile that aids in iron absorption

A

Apotransferrin

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6
Q

Where is iron absorbed?

A

Small intestine - absorption is slow

If a large quantity is ingested, only a small amount is absorbed and the rest will be excreted

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7
Q

Apotransferrin in bile reaches the duodenum via the __

A

Bile duct

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8
Q

Apotransferrin binds to free iron to form __

A

Transferrin

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9
Q

How does transferrin reach plasma?

A

Ferric iron (Fe3+) converted to Ferrous iron (Fe2+) by duodenal cytochrome B

Ferrous iron taken into duodenal epithelial cells by DMT1 synporters (also bring in an H+ ion)

Inside the cell, ferrous iron binds to apoferritin to form ferritin for storage, or will be exported into the bloodstream via ferroportin

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10
Q

What molecule binds ferrous iron in the blood for transport?

A

Apotransferrin

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11
Q

Where in the body is excess iron deposited for storage?

A

Liver
Bone marrow

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12
Q

The majority of iron in cells is stored in what form?

A

Ferritin

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13
Q

Small quantities of iron are stored in the insoluble form known as __

A

Hemosiderin

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14
Q

Apotransferrin is made in the __ and transported in __

A

Made in the liver, transported in bile

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15
Q

What are the positive acute phase proteins?

A

Ferritin
C-reactive protein
Serum amyloid A
Haptoglobin
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein
Ceruloplasminritin
Hepsidin
Alpha-2 macroglobulins
Fibrinogen

Major in dogs: Serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein

Major in cats: Serum amyloid A > haptoglobin

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16
Q

What are negative acute phase proteins?

A

Albumin
Transferrin

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17
Q

Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) is a DIRECT/INDIRECT measure of what?

A

Indirect measure of serum transferrin

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18
Q

Why are cats obligate carnivores?

A

They cannot synthesize arginine, it must be present in their diet and arginine is available in meat sources only

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19
Q

What are the essential amino acids in dogs and cats?

A

Acronym: PVT MATT HILL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Methionine
Arginine
Threonine
Taurine (CATS)
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine

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20
Q

Arachadonic acid deficiency in cats causes __

A

Lack of platelet aggregation

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21
Q

What causes lipemic serum?

A

Increased triglycerides (either as chylomicrons or VDLDs)

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22
Q

Supranatant of serum may appear creamy due to

A

chylomicrons

23
Q

If the lower part of spun serum is cloudy, that suggests

A

VLDL

24
Q

Lipemic serum falsely increases what values

A

Bilirubin
Hemoglobin
MCH
MCHC
TP by refractometer
Platelet count

25
Q

Lipemic serum falsely decreases what values

A

Na
Cl
K (lesser extent)

26
Q

Which lipoprotein has the highest protein content?

A

HDL - about 50% is protein, has much smaller concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipids

27
Q

What happens after 0-12 hours of starvation

A

Decreased insulin/glucagon ratio
Hepatic glycogenolysis supports euglycemia, but only enough stores to provide energy for ~1/2 day

28
Q

What happens with 12-48 hours of starvation

A

Glycogen depleted at this point
Glucocorticoids and norepinephrine levels increase
Release of free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol from fat
Release of amino acids (breakdown of branch chained aa) from muscle and utilization via hepatic gluconeogenesis

29
Q

What happens with >48 hours of starvation

A

Induction of ketogenic enzymes
Production of ketones from FFA and protein sparing
Shift to renal gluconeogenesis using glutamine as substrate

30
Q

Provision of calories and protein reverses starvation by __ and __

A

Restoring glycogen and adipose stores

Promoting protein anabolism

31
Q

Enterocytes in the small intestine prefer __ as a source of metabolic fuel

A

Glutamine

32
Q

Colonocytes prefer __ as a source of metabolic fuel

A

Butyrate

33
Q

How is butyrate formed for use by colonocytes

A

Fermentation of luminal carbohydrates

34
Q

What happens to the gut in the absence of fuel sources

A

Gut epithelium slows growth and replication
Mucosal billows epithelium no longer replaced

This results in mucosal atrophy, necrosis, and increased risk of bacterial translocation across abnormal gut barrier

35
Q

Definition of hypermetabolic starvation

A

Ill or traumatized animal that is absolutely or relatively starved and has increased needs for energy

36
Q

What are the three stages of protein depletion in starvation

A

Initial rapid protein depletion

Greatly slowed protein depletion

Rapid protein depletion shortly before death

37
Q

What happens in initial rapid protein depletion

A

Easily mobilized proteins are used for direct metabolism or for conversion of glucose, then metabolism of glucose (mainly by the brain)

38
Q

What happens in greatly slowed protein depletion

A

Readily mobilized protein stores have been depleted, and the remaining protein is not as easily removed which leads to slowed protein use. Gluconeogenesis will also slow down. This leads to the beginning of excessive fat utilization (ketosis). 2/3 of the brain’s energy will be derived from ketones in this state, mostly BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE

39
Q

What happens in rapid protein depletion shortly before death

A

Fat stores are almost completely depleted so protein is the only remaining energy source. They enter another stage of rapid depletion. Death occurs when proteins are half their normal levels

40
Q

After how long in starvation do vitamin deficiencies develop, and which vitamins are especially affected?

A

1 week

Water soluble vitamins like B and C are particularly affected

41
Q

When during starvation do branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) get used?

A

Final stage of rapid protein depletion before death

During starvation, muscle activity decreases, but branched chain amino acids remain in muscle cells to provide a source of energy for the muscles

42
Q

Is refeeding syndrome more likely with high carbohydrate or high protein diets?

A

High carbohydrate

To avoid refeeding syndrome, feed a diet similar to what the body was using (fat and protein)

43
Q

The amino acid __ is a major cofactor for the Krebs cycle and pentose phosphate pathway

A

Thiamine

44
Q

Thiamine deficiency leads to

A

Cessation of neuronal oxidative metabolism and switch to anaerobic energy production

Buildup of lactic acid leads to myelomalacia especially of grey matter

45
Q

What are clinical signs of thiamine deficiency?

A

Central vestibular disease
Ventroflexion in cats
Cardiac hypertrophy in dogs

46
Q

What are some causes of thiamine deficiency?

A

Feeding meat preserved with sulfites
Feeding a diet high in thiaminases (fish)

47
Q

What is the predominant fasting plasma lipoprotein in dogs?

A

VLDL

48
Q

How long is TPN good for?

A

Not good after 48 hours (refrigerated), only good for 24h outside of fridge

49
Q

Does TPN commonly increase BG?

A

Yes, mildly

50
Q

Which protein source has the lowest purine content?

A

Vegetable

(Animal has intermediate, glandular tissue has highest)

51
Q

What are some essential fatty acids in cats and dogs?

A

Linoleic acid - all mammals
Arachadonic acid - cats (deficiency leads to lack of platelet aggregation)
Gamma-linoleic
+/- alpha-linoleic, eicosapentanoic acid, docosahexonoic acid

52
Q

Two active glucose transporters and locations?

A

SGLT1 - enterocytes, renal tubular cells
SGLT2 - renal tubular cells

53
Q

Passive glucose transporters and locations

A

GLUT1 - glial cells
GLUT2 - renal tubular cells, hepatocytes, enterocytes, pancreatic beta cells
GLUT3 - neurons
GLUT4 - muscle cells, adipocytes

ACVIM Generals (16 decks)

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