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ACVIM Generals > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

90-95% of serum copper is bound to __

A

Ceruloplasmin

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2
Q

What enzymes is copper an integral part of?

A

Superoxide dismutase
Monoamine oxidase

Cytochrome P450 is IRON

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3
Q

Most iron in the body is in the form of __

A

Hemoglobin

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4
Q

There are __ iron atoms per molecule of hemoglobin

A

4

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5
Q

__ is secreted in bile that aids in iron absorption

A

Apotransferrin

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6
Q

Where is iron absorbed?

A

Small intestine - absorption is slow

If a large quantity is ingested, only a small amount is absorbed and the rest will be excreted

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7
Q

Apotransferrin in bile reaches the duodenum via the __

A

Bile duct

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8
Q

Apotransferrin binds to free iron to form __

A

Transferrin

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9
Q

How does transferrin reach plasma?

A

Ferric iron (Fe3+) converted to Ferrous iron (Fe2+) by duodenal cytochrome B

Ferrous iron taken into duodenal epithelial cells by DMT1 synporters (also bring in an H+ ion)

Inside the cell, ferrous iron binds to apoferritin to form ferritin for storage, or will be exported into the bloodstream via ferroportin

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10
Q

What molecule binds ferrous iron in the blood for transport?

A

Apotransferrin

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11
Q

Where in the body is excess iron deposited for storage?

A

Liver
Bone marrow

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12
Q

The majority of iron in cells is stored in what form?

A

Ferritin

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13
Q

Small quantities of iron are stored in the insoluble form known as __

A

Hemosiderin

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14
Q

Apotransferrin is made in the __ and transported in __

A

Made in the liver, transported in bile

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15
Q

What are the positive acute phase proteins?

A

Ferritin
C-reactive protein
Serum amyloid A
Haptoglobin
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein
Ceruloplasminritin
Hepsidin
Alpha-2 macroglobulins
Fibrinogen

Major in dogs: Serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein

Major in cats: Serum amyloid A > haptoglobin

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16
Q

What are negative acute phase proteins?

A

Albumin
Transferrin

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17
Q

Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) is a DIRECT/INDIRECT measure of what?

A

Indirect measure of serum transferrin

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18
Q

Why are cats obligate carnivores?

A

They cannot synthesize arginine, it must be present in their diet and arginine is available in meat sources only

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19
Q

What are the essential amino acids in dogs and cats?

A

Acronym: PVT MATT HILL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Methionine
Arginine
Threonine
Taurine (CATS)
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine

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20
Q

Arachadonic acid deficiency in cats causes __

A

Lack of platelet aggregation

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21
Q

What causes lipemic serum?

A

Increased triglycerides (either as chylomicrons or VDLDs)

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22
Q

Supranatant of serum may appear creamy due to

A

chylomicrons

23
Q

If the lower part of spun serum is cloudy, that suggests

24
Q

Lipemic serum falsely increases what values

A

Bilirubin
Hemoglobin
MCH
MCHC
TP by refractometer
Platelet count

25
Lipemic serum falsely decreases what values
Na Cl K (lesser extent)
26
Which lipoprotein has the highest protein content?
HDL - about 50% is protein, has much smaller concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipids
27
What happens after 0-12 hours of starvation
Decreased insulin/glucagon ratio Hepatic glycogenolysis supports euglycemia, but only enough stores to provide energy for ~1/2 day
28
What happens with 12-48 hours of starvation
Glycogen depleted at this point Glucocorticoids and norepinephrine levels increase Release of free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol from fat Release of amino acids (breakdown of branch chained aa) from muscle and utilization via hepatic gluconeogenesis
29
What happens with >48 hours of starvation
Induction of ketogenic enzymes Production of ketones from FFA and protein sparing Shift to renal gluconeogenesis using glutamine as substrate
30
Provision of calories and protein reverses starvation by __ and __
Restoring glycogen and adipose stores Promoting protein anabolism
31
Enterocytes in the small intestine prefer __ as a source of metabolic fuel
Glutamine
32
Colonocytes prefer __ as a source of metabolic fuel
Butyrate
33
How is butyrate formed for use by colonocytes
Fermentation of luminal carbohydrates
34
What happens to the gut in the absence of fuel sources
Gut epithelium slows growth and replication Mucosal billows epithelium no longer replaced This results in mucosal atrophy, necrosis, and increased risk of bacterial translocation across abnormal gut barrier
35
Definition of hypermetabolic starvation
Ill or traumatized animal that is absolutely or relatively starved and has increased needs for energy
36
What are the three stages of protein depletion in starvation
Initial rapid protein depletion Greatly slowed protein depletion Rapid protein depletion shortly before death
37
What happens in initial rapid protein depletion
Easily mobilized proteins are used for direct metabolism or for conversion of glucose, then metabolism of glucose (mainly by the brain)
38
What happens in greatly slowed protein depletion
Readily mobilized protein stores have been depleted, and the remaining protein is not as easily removed which leads to slowed protein use. Gluconeogenesis will also slow down. This leads to the beginning of excessive fat utilization (ketosis). 2/3 of the brain’s energy will be derived from ketones in this state, mostly BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE
39
What happens in rapid protein depletion shortly before death
Fat stores are almost completely depleted so protein is the only remaining energy source. They enter another stage of rapid depletion. Death occurs when proteins are half their normal levels
40
After how long in starvation do vitamin deficiencies develop, and which vitamins are especially affected?
1 week Water soluble vitamins like B and C are particularly affected
41
When during starvation do branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) get used?
Final stage of rapid protein depletion before death During starvation, muscle activity decreases, but branched chain amino acids remain in muscle cells to provide a source of energy for the muscles
42
Is refeeding syndrome more likely with high carbohydrate or high protein diets?
High carbohydrate To avoid refeeding syndrome, feed a diet similar to what the body was using (fat and protein)
43
The amino acid __ is a major cofactor for the Krebs cycle and pentose phosphate pathway
Thiamine
44
Thiamine deficiency leads to
Cessation of neuronal oxidative metabolism and switch to anaerobic energy production Buildup of lactic acid leads to myelomalacia especially of grey matter
45
What are clinical signs of thiamine deficiency?
Central vestibular disease Ventroflexion in cats Cardiac hypertrophy in dogs
46
What are some causes of thiamine deficiency?
Feeding meat preserved with sulfites Feeding a diet high in thiaminases (fish)
47
What is the predominant fasting plasma lipoprotein in dogs?
VLDL
48
How long is TPN good for?
Not good after 48 hours (refrigerated), only good for 24h outside of fridge
49
Does TPN commonly increase BG?
Yes, mildly
50
Which protein source has the lowest purine content?
Vegetable (Animal has intermediate, glandular tissue has highest)
51
What are some essential fatty acids in cats and dogs?
Linoleic acid - all mammals Arachadonic acid - cats (deficiency leads to lack of platelet aggregation) Gamma-linoleic +/- alpha-linoleic, eicosapentanoic acid, docosahexonoic acid
52
Two active glucose transporters and locations?
SGLT1 - enterocytes, renal tubular cells SGLT2 - renal tubular cells
53
Passive glucose transporters and locations
GLUT1 - glial cells GLUT2 - renal tubular cells, hepatocytes, enterocytes, pancreatic beta cells GLUT3 - neurons GLUT4 - muscle cells, adipocytes

ACVIM Generals (16 decks)

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