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FOM: Nutrition > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Stage I to III of metabolic pathway of carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates –> monosaccharides –> acetyl CoA –> TCA cycle

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2
Q

catabolic pathway

A

break down molecules

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3
Q

anabolic pathway

A

build up molcules

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4
Q

energy yield of carbs, proteins, and lipids

A

carbs –> glucose –> 4 calories

protein –> amino acids –> 4 calories

lipids fats –> 9 calories

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5
Q

carbohydrate break down: simple vs complex

A
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6
Q

maltose, lactose, and sucrose monosaccarides

A

maltose - glucose + glucose

lactose - glucose + galactose

sucrose - glucose + fructose

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7
Q

high fructose syrup vs sucrose

A

sucrose = “real sugar” – 50% glucose and 50% fructose

high fructose syrup = “corn syrup” –mix of ratios of monosaccharides

→ ex: 40% glucose to 55% fructose

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8
Q

absorption of carbohydrates?

A

______________monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) is what is eventually absorbed in the end

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9
Q

absorption vs digestion

A

absorption = monosaccharides

digestion = break down of disaccharides

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10
Q

lactose intolerance

  • what is the enzyme deficiency
  • symptoms?
A

lactase = breaks down lactose into glucose + galactose

  • if lactase deficiency than lactose enters large intestine/ colon and is broken down by bacteria that releases carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, etc.

symptoms:

  • this leads to bloating, diarrhea, and dehydration

monosaccharide absorption into intestinal mucosal cells

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11
Q

name the 2 transporters and if they require energy/ cofactors?

  • if so what?
A

GLUT-5 transports fructose –> energy and sodium (Na+) independent transport

SGLT-1 (sodium-glucose cotransporter-1): transports glucose and galactose.

  • it is energy and Na+ dependent
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12
Q

monosaccharide absorption at basal membrane

  • which transporter
A

after monosaccharides are in the mucosal cell they are transported across the basal membrane to circulation/ portal vein via GLUT-2

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13
Q

circulation order of carbohydrates/ glucose

A

small intestine –> portal vein –> liver –> circulation as blood glucose in muscle, fat, RBC, and CNS

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14
Q

Location/ Description of the 5 GLUT Transporters

GLUT1

A

RBC, blood brain barrier, retinal barrier, placental barrier, testis barrier

–> all through blood circulation

–> high-affinity glucose transport system

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15
Q

Location/ Description of the 5 GLUT Transporters

GLUT2

A

GLUT2 - liver, kidney, pancreatic B-cells, Serosal surface of intestinal mucosa

  • high capacity, low affinity transporter
  • helps monsaccharides through the basal membrane
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16
Q

Location/ Description of the 5 GLUT Transporters

GLUT3

A

brain (neurons)

  • main transporter in CNS, high-affinity
17
Q

Location/ Description of the 5 GLUT Transporters

GLUT4

A

adipose, skeletal muscle, heart muscle

  • insulin sensitive transporter = in presence of insulin, the #of transporters increases
  • high affinity system
18
Q

Location/ Description of the 5 GLUT Transporters

GLUT5

A

intestinal epithelium, spermatozoa

  • fructose transporter to mucosal cells
19
Q

GLUT transporters summary

A
20
Q

liver removes how much glucose

A

typically 20 to 30%

21
Q

3 ways to test blood glucose - diabetes

A
  • fasting blood glucose (10-12 hour fast)
  • glycation of hemoglobin
  • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (2-3 hours)
22
Q

diabetes, normal, and prediabetes

A

normal - less than 100 mg/dl

prediabetes - 100 to 125

diabetes - 126 or higher

23
Q

HbA1C_

A

hemoglobin’s N terminal can be glycosylated = HbA1C

24
Q

how can Hb1AC be used to diagnose diabetes?

A

HbA1C count is expressed as a percentage of hemoglobin

normal - less than 5.7%

prediabetes - 5.7 to 6.4%

diabetes - 6.5% or higher

25
Q

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

A

subject fasts for 10-12 hours (blood drawn)

given flavored drink with 75g glucose

2 hours after glucose load = additional samples drawn

26
Q

normal, prediabetes, and diabetes OGTT result

A
27
Q

OGTT chart

A

Subject #1: Normal response, blood glucose rises and then falls, within 90 minutes

Subject #2: A normal fasting plasma glucose, has impaired glucose tolerance, a 2-

hour reading >140 mg/dL and pre-diabetic

Subject #3: Diabetic

28
Q

Impaired fasting glucose (IFG):

A

blood glucose of 100-125mg/dL

(pre-diabetic)

29
Q

Impaired glucose tolerance(IGT):

A

blood glucose of 140-199mg/dL 2-hours after a glucose load (prediabetic)

30
Q

Diabetes

A
  • hyperglycemia, impaired
  • insulin secretion AND ultimately loss of b-cell function
31
Q

glucose entry into muscle and adipose during fasting

  • which transporter
A

at fasting - there are low levels of insulin

– few GLUT4 at the cell membrane

– GLUT4 = insulin sensitive

32
Q

what traps glucose in a cell

A

phosphorylation

– once glucose enters a cell = it is phosphorylated to G6P and now committed to further metabolism

33
Q

hexokinase vs glucokinase

A

hexokinase = phosphorylates glucose in most tissues

glucokinase = liver, pancreatic b-cells

34
Q

Fate of Glucose

A

_______________1. glycogen

  1. pentose phosphate pathway
  2. glycolysis
  3. lipogenesis
  4. energy metabolism: anaerobic & aerobic
35
Q

glycogen primarily in which two regions?

A

liver

muscle

36
Q

glycogen in liver maintains blood glucose for

A

maintains blood glucose for up to 24 hours

  • 100g
37
Q

glycogen in muscle

A

_______________fuel reserve for muscle contraction

–> glucose can’t be released for use by other tissues

  • 400g
38
Q

gluconeogenesis vs glycolysis vs glycogen synthesis

located in the liver only!

A

gluconeogenesis: pyruvate –> glucose

gycolysis: glucose –> pyruvate

glycogen synthesis –> G1P to glycogen

39
Q

glucose 6 phosphatase

  • where is it located
A

can convert G6P to Glucose

– allows glucose to no longer be trapped in the cell

ONLY IN THE LIVER!

FOM: Nutrition (3 decks)

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