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Physiology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is The difference between respiratory exchange ratio and respiratory quotient?

A

Respiratory quotient: indicates how much CO2 produced by a cell
Respiratory exchange ratio: ratio of CO2/O2

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2
Q

What are the differences in RQ between CHO, protein and fat?

A

CHO: 1.0
Fat: :0.7
Protein: 0.82

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3
Q

Why does respiratory quotient rise during severe exercise?

A

More CO2 is produced because hyperventilation will result from lactic acidosis

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4
Q

What is the most important source of energy for cellular metabolism?

A

ATP

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5
Q

Does glucose or glycogen produce more ATP when metabolised to pyruvate?

A

Glycogen

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6
Q

What are the key functions of phosphocreatine?

A

Resynthesizes ATP during exercise

Most abundant source of high energy phosphate bonds

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7
Q

What are high energy phosphate compounds?

A

Anything that contains phosphoric acid bound to something

includes; ATP, phsophocreatinine, CoA

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8
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Adding O2 to something or taking hydrogen away, or losing an electron

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9
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

AN oxidation reaction that generates ATP

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10
Q

What type of reaction is the conversion of NADH2 to NAD coupled with conversion of ADP to ATP?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

How does the energy content of acetyl CoA differ from acetic acid?

A

More energy in Acetyl CoA

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12
Q

What is one end product of flavoprotein cytochrome system?

A

Water

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13
Q

Where does oxidative deamination take place?

A

Liver

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14
Q

What is the major site of liver formation?

A

Liver

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15
Q

Where are FFAs oxidized?

A

Muscle and heart

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16
Q

How many ATPs does glucose become in aerobic/anaerobic conditions?

A

Anaerobic: Glucose-> 2 lactate-> 2 ATP

Aerobic: Glucose-> 38ATPs

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17
Q

Describe the process of carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glucose enters cell- via facilitated diffusion converted to G6P
Stored as glycogen or broken down
Can be broken down either via Embden-meyerhof or hexose monophosphate shunt. Becomes pyruvate which enters mitrochondria and becomes acetyl CoA->krebs cycle-> energy

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18
Q

How is high intake of glucose dealt with in the body?

A

Stored as fat (30-40%) and glycogen 5% because high glucose causes insulin secretion and glycogen formation

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19
Q

How does fat travel in the blood?

A

Primarily as VLDL
Increased by carbohydrate excess in the diet
Removed from the circulation by muscle and adipose tissue
NOT increased when plasma cholesterol rises

20
Q

Where is intracellular lipase found?

A

Only in adipose tissue
Hormone sensitive
Does not enter the circulation

21
Q

What increases intracellular lipase?

A

Starvation, stress, cortisol, thyrotoxicosis, GH, catecholamines released from sympathetic nerves

22
Q

What decreases activity of intracellular lipase?

A

Insulin and food

23
Q

Where do peripheral tissues get their energy from?

A

Fat supplies

But fat is not readily converted to carbohydrates in periphery, fatty acids become Acetyl CoA->ketones

24
Q

What is the difference between brown fat and neutral fat?

A

Brown fat: produces heat and aids thermoregulation

Neutral fat: gets burned first in starvation

25
Q

How is uric acid formed?

A

Breakdown of purines and synthesis from 5-PRPP and glutamine-> powered by xanthine oxidase

26
Q

Where is uric acid excreted?

A

Kidney
Normal plasma level (0.2-0.4mmol/L)
Can be inhibited by probenecid

27
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary gout?

A

Primary: uric acid production increased or impaired renal tubular transport

Secondary: uric acid elevated by decreased excretion (thiazide diuretics) or increased production from another disease (leukemia)

28
Q

How does allopurinol work?

A

Inhibits xanthine oxidase
Decreases uric acid production
rEduced urinary uric acid excretion

29
Q

Why does plasma ketone production increase in starvation?

A

Initially energy taken from glyocogen but this only last about 24 hours
Fat becomes major energy source, resulting increased plasma ketones and a decrease in respiratory quotient

30
Q

What is the process by which there is increased ketone synthesis in starvation?

A

Increased hepatic gluconeogenolysis
Increased hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis
Muscle protein catabolism
Increased activity of hormones sensitive lipase
Increased ketone synthesis from fatty acids

31
Q

How is urea affected by protein catabolism in starvation?

A

Reduced urea production and renal excretion

32
Q

What does metabolic acidosis secondary to starvation lead to?

A

Increased renal excretion of acid
Increased rate of bicarbonate production
Increased urinary NH4 excretion
Decreased pCO2 of arterial blood

33
Q

What is the main metabolic fuel in the post operative period?

A

Fatty acids

34
Q

Why does ketosis not uncommonly occur in starvation?

A

Carbohydrate is anti-ketogenic

35
Q

What are the key changes in metabolism that occur in trauma?

A 
Increased resting metabolic rate
Protein catabolism and muscle wasting
Elevated excretion of urinary nitrogen
Increased lipolysis
Resistance of peripheral tissues to insulin
Increased gluconeogenesis
36
Q

When is urinary nitrogen loss increased?

A

Parenteral sources of nitrogen are provided
Patient has a fever
NOT WHEN: patient has adrenal insufficiency or patient is chronically ill/debilitated before trauma

37
Q

Which 3 things produce heat?

A

Basic metabolic processes
Food intake
Muscular activity

38
Q

What are the ways the human body loses heat?

A

Radiation and conduction 70%
Vaporization of sweat 27%
Respiration 2%
Urination and defecation 1%

39
Q

What is the difference between conduction, convection and radiation in terms of heat transfer?

A

Conduction: loss of heat to surrounding air
Radiation: loss to colder objects nearby
Convection: if you’re swimming in water

40
Q

How does the body respond to cold?

A

Reducing heat loss by radiation
Mobilising free fatty acids
Increasing metabolic activity in muscles
Increasing catecholamine secretion

41
Q

Why do we keep patients with severe burns in really hot rooms?

A

Heat losses are minimised by raising the room temperature which combats the high metabolic rate

42
Q

Why will a man get colder in water at 25 degrees than air at 25 degrees?

A

The thermal conductivity of water is greater than air

43
Q

What are some key facts about sweating?

A
  1. When sweating is minimally stimulated, sweat urea is very concentrated
  2. Maximal sweat production in a heat acclimatised person is 2L per hour
  3. Heat acclimatised people secrete less sodium into their sweat by and aldosetone-dependent mechanism
    4,. K+ concentration in sweat is greater than in plasma
  4. Sweating occurs whenever temp is high, not just when it is rising
44
Q

Why do we feel cold when we have a fever?

A

Internal thermostat is set higher
Temperature receptors think that the environment is a lot colder
We feel coldest when central body temperature is rising ->metabolic rate rises to keep us warm
Temperature swings do not occur with changes in environmental temperatures

45
Q

Why do skin vessels dilate?

A

To allow skin temperature to approach core temperature

Physiology (7 decks)

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