Metabolic processes

Question 1

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 1

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP

Question 2

What is glycolysis?

Answer 2

10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions which changes 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvates and creates ATP and GDP

Question 3

What is the first step of glycolysis?

Answer 3

glucose receives phosphate group from ATP and produces glucose-6-phosphate

Question 4

What is the second step of glycolysis?

Answer 4

glucose-6-phosphate is rearranged into fructose-6-phosphate

Question 5

What is the third step of glycolysis?

Answer 5

another phosphate group is added from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to create fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Question 6

What is the fourth step of glycolysis?

Answer 6

fructose-6,1-bisphosphate is split into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dehydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Question 7

What is step five of glycolysis?

Answer 7

DHAP from rxn four is converted into G3P, everything after this happens twice

Question 8

What is step six of glycolysis?

Answer 8

G3P is oxidized, those electrons are accepted by NAD+ to form NADH, forms 1,3-bisphosphate

Question 9

What is step seven of glycolysis?

Answer 9

phosphoglycerate group in 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is transferred to ADP to produce ATP, left with 3-phosphoglycerate

Question 10

What is step eight of glycolysis?

Answer 10

3-phosphoglycerate rearranges to 2-phosphoglycerate

Question 11

What is step nine of glycolysis?

Answer 11

H2O is removed from 2-phosphoglycerate and electrons are moved within the molecule, forms phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Question 12

What is step ten of glycolysis?

Answer 12

remaining phosphate group is removed from PEP and transferred to ADP, forms ATP and pyruvate

Question 13

What are all the products/reactants of glycolysis?

Answer 13

Glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, DHAP, G3P, 1,3-bisphosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, 2-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate

Question 14

What are all the steps in cellular respiration?

Answer 14

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, oxidative phosphorylation

Question 15

What is pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 15

pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced, CoA is added, forms NADH + H+, CO2, and Acetyl CoA

Question 16

What is the Krebs cycle?

Answer 16

series of reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients (form ATP)

Question 17

What is the first step in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 17

Acetyl CoA joins with oxaloacetate, CoA leaves, forms citrate

Question 18

What is the second step of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 18

citrate isomerizes into isocitrate with the addition and removal of water

Question 19

What is the third step of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 19

isocitrate decarboxylizes to form alpha ketoglutarate, NAD+ is converted to NADH

Question 20

What is the fourth step of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 20

alpha ketogluterate decarboxylizes, CoA is added, NAD+ is converted to NADH, forms succinyl CoA

Question 21

What is the fifth step of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 21

GDP loses a phosphate, becomes GTP, GTP phosphate is transferred to ADP to form ATP, CoA leaves, forms succinate

Question 22

What is the sixth step of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 22

succinate oxidizes into fumarate, FAD becomes FADH2

Question 23

What is the seventh step of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 23

fumarate becomes malate by the addition of H2O

Question 24

What is the eighth step of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 24

malate becomes oxaloacetate, NAD+ becomes NADH

Question 25

What are the reactants/products in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 25

Acetyl CoA, CoA, citrate, isocitrate, alpha ketogluterate, succinyl CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate

Question 26

What is the electron transport chain?

Answer 26

H+ from NADH and FADH2 moves through protein complexes to create a proton gradient, electron from NADH is pulled through the chain by oxygen to form water, then chemiosmois occurs

Question 27

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 27

movement of ions from high to low concentration, energy released is used to produce ATP

Question 28

How can the electron transport chain create thermal energy?

Answer 28

if protons move across the inner mitochondrial membrane without passing through ATP synthase thermal energy is created

Question 29

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 29

occurs when O2 is not present in the cytoplasm, allows glycolysis to continue

Question 30

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 30

Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation

Question 31

What is lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 31

pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, allows NADH to be oxidized so glycolysis can continue, once O2 is present it is oxidized back into pyruvate

Question 32

What is Alcohol/Ethanol fermentation?

Answer 32

allows NAD+ to be recycled so glycolysis can continue by decarboxylizing

Question 33

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 33

where plants turn solar energy into sugar

Question 34

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 34

in chloroplasts or the infoldings of cell membranes

Question 35

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Answer 35

Light reaction and light-independent reaction

Question 36

What are the stages of the light reactions?

Answer 36

Photoexitation, where photons are absorbed by chlorphyll in protein clusters called photosystems, electron transport chain where photosystems are used to form NADPH and ATP

Question 37

What is photophosphorylation?

Answer 37

the creation of ATP with ATP synthase during photosynthesis

Question 38

What are the components of the photosystems electron transport chain?

Answer 38

Photosystems I and II, b6f cytochrome complex, and ATP synthase

Question 39

What happens during the light independent reactions?

Answer 39

the Calvin Cycle

Question 40

What is the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 40

conversion of CO2 into glucose

Question 41

What is the first phase of the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 41

Carbon fixation, where CO2 is added to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), where it immediately splits into two 3-phoshoglycerates (PGA), happens three times

Question 42

What catalyzes carbon fixation, and why is it important?

Answer 42

RuBisCo, worlds most abundant protein, catalyzes carbon fixation in all autotrophs, provides the source of organic carbon for most of the worlds organisms

Question 43

What is the second phase of the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 43

Reduction, each of the 6 PGAs are phosphorylated by ATP, 6 NADPH molecules reduce PGAs into 6 G3Ps, one G3P is converted into glucose

Question 44

What is the third phase of the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 44

Regeneration, the remaining 5 G3P are rearranged to form 3 RuBP, cycle continues