Biochem

Question 1

What are some of water’s unique properties?

Answer 1

Adhesion, cohesion, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization

Question 2

What are cell membranes made of?

Answer 2

Phospolipid bilayer

Question 3

What is the purpose of the phospolipid bilayer?

Answer 3

To control what enters and leaves the cell

Question 4

What is the purpose of proteins in the cell membrane?

Answer 4

To allow larger and/or charged objects to pass through the membrane

Question 5

What is a concentration gradient?

Answer 5

having more of a substance on one side of a membrane compared to another

Question 6

What are the two types of cellular transport?

Answer 6

passive or active transport

Question 7

What is passive transport?

Answer 7

Cellular transport across a concentration gradient (no energy required)

Question 8

What is active transport?

Answer 8

Using energy to transport materials across a membrane

Question 9

What is diffusion?

Answer 9

molecules spreading out from high to low concentration (passive transport)

Question 10

What is osmosis?

Answer 10

Movement of water from high to low concentration across a membrane (passive transport)

Question 11

What does isotonic mean?

Answer 11

same concentrations of solute and water inside and outside of the cell, no not movement

Question 12

What does hypertonic mean?

Answer 12

Concentration of solute outside the cell is higher than inside the cell, water will diffuse out of the cell

Question 13

What does hypotonic mean?

Answer 13

Concentration of solute outside of the cell is lower than inside, water will diffuse into the cell

Question 14

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 14

carrier proteins or transport proteins allow these molecules to pass through (passive transport)

Question 15

How does ATP provide energy?

Answer 15

the third phosphate is cleaved, the energy from the bond is released and used to do work

Question 16

What is primary active transport?

Answer 16

using ATP directly to move ions or molecules across a cell membrane

Question 17

What is secondary active transport?

Answer 17

indirectly driven by primary active transport by the creation of ionic gradients, move from regions of high to low concentration

Question 18

What is endocytosis?

Answer 18

taking large materials into the cell via infoldings or pockets of the membrane, forming vesicles

Question 19

What is exocytosis?

Answer 19

releasing large materials out of the cell via a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane

Question 20

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 20

Cells engulfing large food particles

Question 21

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 21

Cells engulfing droplets of extracellular fluid

Question 22

What is an oxidation reaction?

Answer 22

reactant loses en electron

Question 23

What is a reduction reaction?

Answer 23

Reactant gains an electron

Question 24

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 24

when reduction and oxidation occurs together

Question 25

What is isomerization?

Answer 25

molecules rearrange their atoms

Question 26

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 26

attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or ion

Question 27

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Answer 27

direct formation of ATP or GTP by transferring a phosphate group from a high energy compound to ADP or GDP

Question 28

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 28

process of ATP formation via a series of redox reactions

Question 29

What is a purine?

Answer 29

a double-ringed nitrogen base (A & G)

Question 30

What is a pyrimidine?

Answer 30

a single-ringed nitrogen base (C & T/U)

Question 31

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 31

DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded

Question 32

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 32

joining of two molecules by the removal of water

Question 33

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 33

breaking of a bond by the addition of water

Question 34

What is an enzyme?

Answer 34

a protein catalyst

Question 35

What is a substrate?

Answer 35

what the enzyme acts on/binds to

Question 36

What is an active site?

Answer 36

where the substrate joins

Question 37

How do enzymes accommodate for substrates?

Answer 37

They change shape to properly fit the substrate

Question 38

What are enzyme inhibitors?

Answer 38

lowers the rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction

Question 39

What are the two types of enzyme inhibitors?

Answer 39

competitive inhibitors and non-competitive inhibitors

Question 40

What are competitive inhibitors?

Answer 40

physically blocks the active site

Question 41

What are non-competitive inhibitors?

Answer 41

bind to the enzyme causing it to change shape

Question 42

What is allosteric regulation?

Answer 42

controlling enzyme activity to inhibit or activate activity

Question 43

What is a feedback inhibition loop?

Answer 43

chain reactions where a product formed later in the sequence is used to allosterically inhibit an enzyme

Question 44

What is enzyme denaturing?

Answer 44

enzyme unfolds and substrate can no longer join, occurs when bonds holding the enzymes shape together are broken

Question 45

How are proteins formed?

Answer 45

Long chains of amino acids called polypeptides are folded