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PMVPH > Metabolic Problems And Nutrition > Flashcards

Metabolic Problems And Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

How does the rumen maintain a neutral pH?

A

Saliva acts like a buffer

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2
Q

Why is cow comfort important and what is the ideal scenario?

A

Cows lie down for 60% of the day, and need that time to ruminate and chew effectively and thus be more productive

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3
Q

What factors should be looked at when investigating cow feeding?

A 
Trough space/ condition 
Water access 
Water cleanliness
Dry Matter Intake
Diet Analysis
Temperature
Slippery floors
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4
Q

What is the formula for dry matter intake of dairy cows?

A

DMI= 0.025BW + 0.1milk yield

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5
Q

What is a buffer feed?

A

This is a silage, hay or TMR to supplement grass feeding, and it can prevent over eating of hungry cows

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6
Q

What aspect of a cows diet correlates to fat content of milk?

A

Fiber level/ the concentrate to forage ratio. If ratio is greater than 60:40 fat will drop significantly

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7
Q

Low bulk milk fat can indicate what condition?

A

SARA: Sub acute rumen acidosis

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8
Q

What aspect of a dairy cow’s feed affect milk protein?

A

Milk protein drops after a period of inadequate energy intake/ very difficult to correct quickly

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9
Q

What are the different scores of dung in cows?

A

Score 1: loose and water
Score 2: custard splatters
Score 3: slow hand clap when falls, does not stick to boots ( ideal)
Score 4: thick heavy consistency forms a stack sticks to boots
Score 5: stiff dung and boot leaves impression

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10
Q

At what stages of the dairy cow’s milk cycle should BCS be assessed?

A

Dry cows
Freshly calved
2-4 weeks post calving
Late lactation

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11
Q

What are some issues that can arise as a result of issues with Dry cows?

A

Poor DMI after calving
Metabolic disease- ketosis, fatty liver syndrome, fat cow syndrome, LDA etc.
Poor milk production
Poor fertility

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12
Q

Why should farmers not use the drying off period to change BCS?

A

Dry cows BCS should be maintained at the same from the start of the period. Trying to lose weight during the dry period causes excessive fat mobilization and makes fatty liver and other metabolic problems more likely

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13
Q

Describe the use and proper technique for performing metabolic profiles of a dairy herd?

A

A regularly blood test looks at a number of metabolites in a normal healthy herd. It gives an indication of how cows are handling a diet.

Sample 4 times a year at crucial times
Spring turn out, late summer, after housing, late winter

After any major diet changes
Each sampling only includes normal healthy meme ears of herd.

Sample 3 groups
Early lactation, mid lactation, dry cows, 6 cows from each group

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14
Q

What are some errors at metabolic profile sampling?

A

Sampling cows calved more than 20 days

Failure to include some lactation 1 cows in each

Sampling immediately after a major management change- wait 10 days

Including problem or poor cows

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15
Q

What is the main difference between the metabolism of a ruminant in a steady state and high demand state?

A

In high demand the production of ketone bodies increases to fuel tissues and produce amino acids

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16
Q

What are the macro minerals?

A

Calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorous, chlorine, potassium, sulfur

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17
Q

What are the micro mineral?

A

Copper, cobalt, selenium, iodine, zinc, iron, manganese, molybdenum, chromium,fluorine

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18
Q

What is the cause of hypocalcemia, periparturient paresis, or milk fever?

A

Calcium imbalance

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19
Q

What is periparturient paresis? When does is occur?

A

It is a decrease in metabolic calcium after calving. Usually occurs in 3rd time calving, rarely seen in young cows, and channel island breeds more prone.

20
Q

What are the symptoms of milk fever ?

A

Flaccid paralysis, CNS nervous symptoms ( depression, come, death with in 12- 24 hours) low temp, gut stasis, uterine intertidal

S bend in spine
Head against chest
Lateral recumbency

21
Q

Describe the endocrine systems reaction to fluctuations in Calcium levels?

A

A drop in blood Ca causes an increase secretion of parathyroid hormone in the hypothalamus, increased osteoclasts cells activity to mobilize Ca and decreased renal excretion. PTH stimulates activation of vitamin D increase intestinal absorption of calcium

Both pathways require magnesium as a co-factor, and PTH effectiveness is pH dependent

22
Q

Describe and define the low calcium high magnesium method to prevent milk fever

A

Reduce the dietary calcium during the dry period so the cow utilizes its calcium stores during the dry period so that once the cow calves the metabolism is shifted to calcium retention rather than excretion

23
Q

What is the DCAB approach to prevent milk fever?

A

The dietary cation anion balance method reduces k and na in dry cows 3 weeks before calving, and add an ionic salts. Add 100g 150g calcium to the diet to compensate for mobilization. This increased the tubular reapportion of Ca int he kidney through PTH

24
Q

Why is DCAB not used commonly?

A

It is complicated, and require regularly monitoring and exact calving dates.

25
Q

Why do we want low dietary Calcium before calving?

A

So that the metabolism switches to Ca saving vs spending before calving/ increase in Calcium demands

26
Q

What can look like periparturient paresis but is not?

A 
Toxic mastitis
Toxic metritis
Injuries
Nervous acetonemia
Fatty liver with coma
Hypomagnesemia
27
Q

How do you treat hypocalcemia?

A

Intravenous calcium- 400mls of 40% calcium borogluconate

Add magnesium always

Infuse slowly and monitor the heart and slow down if arrhythmic.

Cardiac arrest can occur ( channel island breeds)

28
Q

How do you know that treatment of hypocalcemia is working?

A 
Eructates
Wet muzzle
Passes dung
Regains consciousness
Attempt to get up

Do not force to get up on slipper floor, risk of falling

29
Q

What is sub clinical hypocalcemia and why is it important?

A

Low calcium can negatively impact productivity of the herd. A downer cow can indicate a herd problem.

Metritis, displaced abomasum, lower rumination rate after calving, higher fat mobilization can all occurs due to sub clinical hypocalcemia

30
Q

What is another name for Hypomagnesemia, and what is it?

A

Grass tetany/ staggers

Low magnesium that usually occurs with high demand or low supply/ low absorption of magnesium. Body does not store it

31
Q

What are some factors that influence magnesium availability?

A

Potassium, and ammonia in grass competes with magnesium

Poor intake for rain

High passage rate ( lush pastures)

Higher demand ( stress)

32
Q

What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency?

A

Per- acute to sub clinical - post mortem: check mg in an/ vitreous humor

Hyperasthesia

Ears twitching

Hypersensitivity

Staggers, collapse, convulsions, sudden eye movement

Champing of jaws

Sudden death

33
Q

When does Hypomagnesemia occur in calves?

A

Calves over 2-3 months of age on milk diets, low mg in the milk, or young calves with diarrhea due to poor absorption

34
Q

How do you treat Hypomagnesemia?

A

400 mls sub q of magnesium sulphate. Avoid IV and can lead to cardiac arrest

35
Q

What are the symptoms and treatment of of phosphorous deficiency?

A

Cow goes down but is happy and alert

Treated with organic phosphorous ( foston )

36
Q

What are the symptoms and treatment of sulphuric deficiency ?

A

Suboptimal production and some periparturial diseases

Treatment is dietary, low sulphuric level

Over feeding sulphur can cause toxicity which can cause cerebrocortical necrosis

37
Q

What are the most common nutritional issues seen on diary farms?

A

Lack of feed, reduced DMI intake, lack of feed access

Lack of structural fiber

Energy issues

Protein issues

Mineral and travel element issues

38
Q

What the nutritionists dilemma/ the balancing act when designing a dairy cow diet?

A

High fiber: ensures good rumen health, dangers or ketosis/ energy deficiency

Higher energy: meets high yield demand, danger of acidosis

39
Q

What are the two ways to make cows more nutritionally stable? And explain each

A

Reduce yield: lower yield reduced demand and makes is easy to balance

Increase dry matter intake : enables to feed more energy without increased the energy density

40
Q

What is a total mixed ration?

A

Is a mixture of both forage and concentrates, that minimizes fluctuations in the rumen pH, improves VFI oof a cow, fiber breakdown quicker due to maintained pH and sufficient ERDP. Add supplements, tasty

41
Q

What environmental factors can limit/ hinder feed intake?

A 
Space/ access
DM
Barriers
Smooth surfaces/ slippery
Trough design
Pushing up feed
42
Q

How to monitory DMI short term and long term?

A

Short term: rumen fill

Mid/ long term: BCS

43
Q

What is the scale for scoring rumen fill?

A

Score 1: deep dip in left flank more than one hand with deep after last rib. Skin curve under lumbar vertebrae ones hand width. Skin fold from hook bone falls vertically, hollow looks rectangular. Cow has eaten nothing in 24 hours.
Score 2: dip in left flank more than one hand with deep after last rib. Skin curve under lumbar vertebrae 1/2 hand width. Skin folds runs diagonally so hollow shape looks like a triangle. Seen 1st week after calving, danger triangle otherwise
Score 3: slight dip in left flank after last rib. Skin curve under lumbar vertebrae runs vertically down before bulging slightly. This desired score for milking cows
Score 4: no dip visible in left flank after last rib. Skin under lumbar vertebrae curves outwards. Skin fold from hook bone not visible. Milking cows at end of lactation and during dry period
Score 5: skin is flat/ small bulge on left flank after last rib. Skin curves out. Skin over whole belly is tight. Dry cows

44
Q

How do you asses BCS in a dairy cow?

A

Look at hook bones, pins, spine, sacral ligament, bony prominences

1 -5 ( 3 ideal) or 1-9 ( 5 ideal )

45
Q

What is the most important limiting factor in dairy nutrition?

A

Voluntary feed intake

PMVPH (7 decks)

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