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Metabolism Y1 > Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production II > Flashcards

Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production II Flashcards

1
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex overall reaction?

A

Pyruvate + HS-CoA + NAD+ –> NADH + Acetyl CoA + CO2

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2
Q

What ancestry does acetyl CoA have, DNA or RNA?

A

RNA

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3
Q

How does the TCA cycle start?

A

The 2C from acetyl CoA condenses with the 4C of oxaloacetate, to give 6C citrate. Enzyme: citrate synthase

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4
Q

Second step of the TCA cycle? Reactant: citrate

A

Isomerisation of citrate to isocitrate. Enzyme: aconitase

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5
Q

How many reactions in the TCA cycle?

A

8

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6
Q

Third step of the TCA cycle? Reactant: isocitrate

A

Isocitrate oxidised to alpha ketoglutarate. This step forms a CO2 and NADH. Enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

Fourth step of the TCA cycle? Reactant: alpha ketoglutarate

A

Alpha ketoglutarate –> succinyl-CoA. This step produces NADH and CO2. Enzyme: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

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8
Q

Fifth step of the TCA cycle? Reactant: succinyl-CoA

A

Succinyl-CoA has the CoA displaced to succinate. This phosphorylates a GTP. Enzyme: succinyl-CoA synthetase

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9
Q

Sixth step of the TCA cycle? Reactant: succinate

A

Succinate oxidised to fumarate. FADH2 is generated.

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10
Q

Seventh step of the TCA cycle? Reactant: fumarate

A

Fumarate is hydrolysed to malate. Enzyme: fumarase

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11
Q

Eighth step of the TCA cycle? Reactant: malate

A

Malate dehydrogenated to reform oxaloacetate. NADH is generated. Enzyme: malate dehydrogenase

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12
Q

What two uses does GTP have?

A

As a signalling molecule or can donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

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13
Q

How many NADH does one turn produce?

A

3

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14
Q

How many GTP and ATP does one turn produce?

A

1 and 0

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15
Q

How many FADH2 does one turn produce?

A

1

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16
Q

How many CO2 does one turn produce?

A

2

17
Q

How many types of products does one turn produce?

A

4

18
Q

Which steps of the cycle produce NADH?

A

3, 4 and 8

19
Q

Which steps of the cycle produce FADH2?

A

6

20
Q

Which steps of the cycle produce CO2?

A

3 and 4

21
Q

Which steps of the cycle produce GTP?

A

5

22
Q

What does one turn of the TCA cycle produce overall?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2 and 1 GTP

23
Q

Which Krebs cycle protein is not found in the mitochondrial matrix space?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase, it is an integral membrane protein

24
Q

How many molecules of ATP is produced per glucose?

A

38

25
Q

How many molecules can the degradation of the 20 amino acids give arise to?

A

7 (pyruvate, acetyl CoA, acetoacetyl CoA, alpha ketoglutarate, succinylcholine CoA, fumarate, oxaloacetate

26
Q

How is an amino acid degraded?

A

Amino acid group is removed and excreted as urea, and the carbon skeleton is funnelled into the production of glucose or the Krebs cycle

27
Q

What type of reaction does protein metabolism involve?

A

Transamination

28
Q

What is a transamination reaction?

A

The transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid forming a new pair of amino and keto acid

29
Q

Where do transamination reactions occur?

A

In hepatic tissue

30
Q

What is hepatic tissue?

A

Tissue of the liver

31
Q

What does the transamination of alanine and alpha ketoglutarate produce?

A

Pyruvate and glutamate

32
Q

What two methods are available for NADH from glycolysis to be transported into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Glycerol phosphate shuttle and malate aspartate shuttle

33
Q

Where does the glycerol phosphate shuttle take place?

A

Skeletal muscle and brain

34
Q

Where does the malate aspartate shuttle take place?

A

Liver, kidney, heart

35
Q

Explain the glycerol phosphate shuttle

A

NADH transfers its electrons to dihdroxyacetone phosphate (with the enzyme cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) to form glycerol 3 phosphate.
Glycerol 3 phosphate then passes it to a membrane bound FAD with a membrane bound form of the same enzyme. The electrons are then passed to coenzyme Q of the ETC

36
Q

What is the net reaction of the malate aspartate shuttle?

A

NADHcyto + NAD+mito –> NAD+cyto + NADHmito

37
Q

Explain the malate aspartate shuttle

A

A hydride ion is transferred from cytoplasmic NADH to oxaloacetate to reduce it to malate (catalysed by cytosolic malate dehydrogenase MDH). Malate is transported into the mitochondria where it is reoxidised by NAD+ to give oxaloacetate and NADH (catalysed by mitochondrial MDH). Oxaloacetate is then converted into aspartate and glutamate is used to make alphaketoglutarate via a transamination reaction.

38
Q

What two uses does NADPH have?

A

Synthesis of DNA and cholesterol

39
Q

Whats the difference between NADH and NADPH?

A

A phosphate group attached to position 2 of the ribose ring

Metabolism Y1 (9 decks)

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