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Metabolism Y1 > Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production I > Flashcards

Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production I Flashcards

1
Q

What are simple sugars such as glucose derived from?

A

Polysaccharides

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2
Q

What two things are fats broken down into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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3
Q

What are the three main stages of metabolism?

A

Glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

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4
Q

How is the large activation energy of the combustion of glucose overcome?

A

By having several enzyme catalysed reactions with smaller activation energies

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5
Q

What is ligation?

A

Forming covalent bonds with ATP cleavage

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6
Q

What is the overall reaction of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP produced, 2 ATP used, 2 pyruvates produced

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7
Q

How many steps in glycolysis?

A

10

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8
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis? Reactant: glucose

A

Glucose to glucose 6 phosphate, using hexokinase (or glucokinase in liver) and 1 ATP.

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9
Q

What is the second step of glycolysis? Reactant: glucose 6 phosphate

A

Glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate using phosphoglucose isomerase

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10
Q

What is the third step of glycolysis? Reactant: fructose 6 phosphate

A

Fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1 6 bisphosphate using phosphofructokinase and 1 ATP.

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11
Q

What is the fourth step of glycolysis? Reactant: fructose 1 6 bisphosphate

A

Fructose 1 6 bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate using aldolase

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12
Q

What is the fifth step of glycolysis? Reactant: dihydroxyacetone phosphate

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate using triose phosphate isomerase

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13
Q

What has happened by the halfway point of glycolysis? (3)

A

1 mole of glucose has produced 2 moles of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, 2 ATP have been used and none has been produced

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14
Q

What is the sixth step of glycolysis? Reactant: glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate using glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase. NADH is generated

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15
Q

What is the seventh step of glycolysis? Reactant: 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate

A

1 3 bisphosphoglycerate to 3 phosphoglycerate using phosphoglycerate kinase. 1 ATP is produced

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16
Q

What is the eighth step of glycolysis? Reactant: 3 phosphoglycerate

A

3 phosphoglycerate to 2 phosphoglycerate using phosphoglycerate mutase

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17
Q

What is the ninth step of glycolysis? What type of reaction? Reactant: 2 phosphoglycerate

A

2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate using enolase. Dehydration.

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18
Q

What is the tenth and final step of glycolysis? Reactant: phosphoenolpyruvate

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate using pyruvate kinase. 1 ATP is generated.

19
Q

Which steps produce ATP?

A

7 and 10

20
Q

Which step produces NADH?

A

6

21
Q

What are the three possible fates of pyruvate?

A

Alcoholic fermentation by yeast under anaerobic conditions, generation of lactate and generation of acetyl CoA

22
Q

What is creatine phosphate?

A

A large reservoir of phosphate which can be used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

23
Q

What does lactate dehydrogenase catalyse? What does the reaction produce?

A

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, producing NAD+ to be used in glycolysis to make NADH

24
Q

What medical use does lactate dehydrogenase have?

A

Elevated levels indicate stroke, heart attack, liver disease, muscle injury…

25
Q

What medical use does creatine kinase have?

A

When muscle is damaged creatine kinase leaks into the bloodstream, indicating myocardial infarction, muscular disease, chest pain and carriers of muscular dystrophy

26
Q

How many enzymes are involved in the generation of acetyl CoA?

A

3

27
Q

How many co-factors are involved in the generation of acetyl CoA?

A

5

28
Q

Overall reaction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ –> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH

29
Q

What are the 3 enzymes involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Lipoamide reductase-transacetylase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase

30
Q

What are the 5 co-factors involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), lipoamide, FAD, CoA NAD+

31
Q

What is the prosthetic group of pyruvate decarboxylase?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

32
Q

What is the prosthetic group of lipoamide-reductase transacetylase?

A

Lipoamide

33
Q

What is the prosthetic group of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase?

A

FAD

34
Q

What is enzyme of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)?

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase

35
Q

What is enzyme of FAD?

A

Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

36
Q

What is enzyme of lipoamide?

A

Lipoamide-reductase transacetylase

37
Q

What is thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) derived from?

A

Vitamin B

38
Q

What is the first step in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Decarboxylation of pyruvate to give hydroxyethyl TPP. Gives out CO2.

39
Q

What is the second step in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Oxidation and transfer to lipoamide to give acetylipoamide

40
Q

What is the third step in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Transfer of the acetyl group to CoA to form acetyl CoA

41
Q

What is the fourth step in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Regeneration of oxidised lipoamide

42
Q

What is the fifth step in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Regeneration of oxidised FAD, generating NADH

43
Q

Summarise the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in words

A

Pyruvate comes in attaches to TPP and loses a CO2. The mobile arm swings over picks up the acetyl group. CoA comes in and strips away the acetyl group. Then everything is restored to how it should be.

Metabolism Y1 (9 decks)

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