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MCD: metabolism > Metabolic pathways and ATP production I > Flashcards

Metabolic pathways and ATP production I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP + 1 NADH

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2
Q

Which steps of glycolysis use and produce ATP?

A

Glucose –> G6P (-ATP)

Fructose-6-phosphate –> Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (-ATP)

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate –> 3-phosphoglycerate (+ATP)

Phosphoenolpyruvate –>Pyruvate (+ATP)

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3
Q

What are the three fates of pyruvate?

A

Alcoholic fermentation Generation of lactate Generation of Acetyl-CoA

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4
Q

What does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex consist of?

A

Lipoamide Reductase Transacetylase (Lipoamide)
Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase (FAD)
Pyruvate Decarboxylase (Thiamine Pyrophosphate)
Other co-factors: NAD+ and CoA

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5
Q

what are the three stages of metabolism?

explain them

A
  • digestion
    enzymes breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules
  • cellular metabolism 1
    oxidation of small molecules within the cytosol generating ATP and NADH
  • cellular metabolism 2
    Oxidation of small molecules generated in Cellular Metabolism 1 within mitochondria of cells. Generates ATP and waste products.
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6
Q

**show a cartoon of the three stages of cellular metabolism :

A
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7
Q

how is the large activation energy of glucose overcome?

A
  • ## overcome by having several enzyme - catalysed reactions with small activation energies
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8
Q

how does glycolysis work?

A
  • this is an anaerobic process where 6 carbon glucose is broken down into 2x3 carbon pyruvate
  • it consists of 10 different reactions with 2 main concepts
  • formation of high energy compound
    (investing ATP)
  • splitting of a high energy compound
    (generating ATP)
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9
Q

define substrate level phosphorylation:

A

The production of ATP by the direct transfer of a high energy phosphate group from an intermediate substrate in a biochemical pathway to ADP, such as occurs in glycolysis.

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10
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The production of ATP using energy derived from the transfer of electrons in an electron transport system

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11
Q

what is lactate dehydrogenase a sign of?

A 
o	Stroke
o	Heart Attack
o	Liver Disease 
o	Muscle Injury
o	Muscular 
      Dystrophy 
o	Pulmonary 
        Infarction
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12
Q

what is creatine phosphate?

A

creatine phosphate is a large reservoir of phosphate which can be used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

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13
Q

what does high levels of creatine phosphate show?

A
  • muscle damage causes creatine phosphate to leak into blood stream

o Diagnose myocardial infarction
o Determine the extent of muscular disease
o Evaluate cause of chest pain
o Help discover carriers of muscular dystrophy

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14
Q

where does the generation of Acetyl CoA happen?

what happens to it?

A
  • This occurs in the mitochondria
  • The acetyl CoA formed enters the Krebs Cycle and ultimately produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain
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15
Q

what does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex consist of?

A

o 3 Enzymes

o 5 Co-factors

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16
Q

what enzymes are involved in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?

A
  1. Lipoamide reductase-transacetylase
  2. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
  3. Pyruvate decarboxylase
17
Q

what cofactors are involved in pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A
  1. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
  2. Lipoamide
  3. FAD
  4. CoA
  5. NAD+
18
Q

what is TPP?

A
  • Derivative of Vitamin B
  • Readily loses proton and resulting carbanion attacks that of pyruvate to produce hydroxyethyl-TPP.
  • Deficiency of Vitamin B1 causes Beri-Beri
19
Q

symtoms of beri beri?

A

damage to peripheral nervous system, weakness of musculature and decreased cardiac output.

20
Q

what is lipoamide?

A
  • Functional group undergoes oxidation and reduction

- Long arm allows dithiol group to swing from one active site to another

21
Q

what can inhibit

pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

Arsenite and mercury

22
Q

what does FAD do?

A

FAD accepts and donates 2 electrons + 2 protons

23
Q

how much ATP does anaerobic respiration make?

A

2ATP

24
Q

how much ATP does aerobic respiration make?

A

38 ATP

25
Q

explain alcoholic fermentation?

A

pyruvate ——> acetaldehyde
using pyruvate decarboxylase

acetaldehyde ——> ethanol
using alcohol dehydrogenase

also makes Co2 and Nad+

26
Q

explain the generation of lactate?

A

Pyruvate ——> lactate

uses lactate dehydrogenase

also makes NAD+

27
Q

explain the generation of acetyl CoA?

A

creatine phosphate ——> creatine + ATP

uses creatine phosphate pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

also makes NADH and CO2

28
Q

why is NAD+ essential?

A

The dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde-3-phopshate needs NAD+,

so glycolysis keeps happening

MCD: metabolism (9 decks)

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