Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1 > metabolic pathways > Flashcards

metabolic pathways Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

an organisms metabolism transforms matter and energy

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

total chemical reactions of an organism

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a producs and each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

A

metabolic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

A

catabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of catabolic pathways

A

Hydrolysis
– Cellular respiration = breakdown of glucose in presence
of oxygen
– “downhill” rxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

consume energy to build
complex molecules from simpler ones

A

anabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

examples of anabolic pathways

A

Dehydration/synthesis rxn
* synthesis of protein from AA
* “uphill” rxn
“do u wanna build a snowman”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemical rxns occur when

A

One substance is combined with another
* Atoms are rearranged in molecules
* Or small molecules combine to form larger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

chemical reactions occur when

A

One substance is broken down into another substance
* Molecules are split into atoms or smaller molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds form , happpens in most chemical reactions

A

coupled reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when the foward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate , and the quantities of reactants and products remain constant

A

chemical equillibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

capacity to do work (or supply heat)

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

amount of enrgy to do work

A

freee energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stored potential, in position

A

potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

active in motion , motion, measured as temp

A

kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

kinetic energy associated w/random movement of atoms or molecules

A

thermal energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

potential E available for release in a chemical rxn

A

chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

An object’s position determines its ability to store energy

A

potential energy / chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

For electrons, farther away from a nucleus it is = more potential
energy it has
* Electrons in an outer shell (farther from the + charged nucleus)
have more potential energy than electrons in an inner shell

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Principle of Conservation of E
– It cannot be created or destroyed, but it
can be transferred or transformed

A

first law of thermodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Entropy always increases
– Chemical rxns result in products w/
* More disorder (entropy)
* Less usable energy

A

second law of thermodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Physical and chemical processes proceed in the
direction that results in lower potential energy and
increased disorder

A

SPONTANEOUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

They proceed w/o any continuous external influence
– No added E is needeD

A

Chemical reaction is spontaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Spontaneity of a rxn is determined by two factors

A

amount of potential energy and the degree of order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Products have less potential E than the reactants

A

. The amount of potential E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Products are less ordered (higher dis-order) than the
reactants
* Disorder = Entropy (∆S)

A

The degree of order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the potential E of the molecule (heat content)

A

Enthalpy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Energy that can do work when temp. and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell.
Only processes with a -∆G = spontaneous
Spontaneous processes can be harnessed to
perform work

A

Gibbs Free-Energy Change (G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Determines whether a rxn is spontaneous or
requires added energy to proceed

A

Gibbs Free Energy Change (G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

G = H −TS

A

G = Gibbs free energy change
* H = change in enthalpy
– measure of chemical potential E
* S = change in entropy
– measure of disorder
* T = temp in degrees Kelvin

31
Q

G < 0 = spontaneous rxn; E released
products have less potential e than reactants

A

exergonic rxn

32
Q

G > 0 = rxn that requires E input to occur and is
not spontaneous; E absorbed
products have higher potential e than reactants

A

endergonic rxn

33
Q

G = 0

A

rxn that is @equilibrium

34
Q

a cell does 3 main kinds of work

A

chemical transport mechanical

35
Q

chemical

A

energonic rxns

36
Q

transport

A

molecules up their concetration gradient

37
Q

mechanical

A

moving structures, usu by motor proteins

38
Q

to do work, cells manage energy resources by energy
coupling

A

use of an exergonic process to drive an
endergonic one

39
Q
  • Most energy coupling in cells is mediated by
A

ATP

40
Q

is the cell’s
energy shuttle; cellular currency

A

atp

41
Q

atp is composed of

A

ribose (a sugar), adenine (a
nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups

42
Q

All 3 types of cellular work (mechanical,
transport, and chemical) are powered by
hydrolysis of

A

atp

43
Q

The energy from exergonic rxn of ATP
hydrolysis can be used to drive an endergonic
rxn

A

true

44
Q

When a protein is phosphorylated, exergonic
phosphorylation rxn is paired with an endergonic
rxn

A

Energetic coupling

45
Q

ATP drives endergonic rxns by ______,
transferring a phosphate group to some other
molecule (reactant); transfer E

A

phosphorylation

46
Q

How electron transfers are
related to energy

A

Electrons can be transferred completely or simply
shift their position in covalent bonds

47
Q

Each electron transferred is usually accompanied

A

by a proton (H+)

48
Q

Reduced molecule (one that gets reduced)

A

Gains a proton and has higher potential energy

49
Q

Oxidized molecule (one that gets oxidized)

A

oses a proton and has lower potential energy

50
Q

Reduction often “adds H’s

A

Oxidation often “removes H’s”

51
Q

Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD+) gets reduced
to form NADH

A

true

52
Q

NADH

A

Readily donates electrons to other
molecules
– Is called an electron carrier
– Has reducing power

53
Q

The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s

A

substrate

54
Q

The enzyme binds to its substrate =

A

enzyme-substrate
complex

55
Q

region on the enzyme where the substrate
binds

A

Active site

56
Q

Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by
lowering energy barriers

A

yes

57
Q

speed up a rxns w/o being consumed by the rxn

A

catalyst

58
Q

is a catalytic protein

A

enzyme

59
Q

Enzymes do not affect change in free energy
(∆G)

A

only speeds up rxns that would occur eventually

60
Q

rxns occur when

A

Reactants have enough kinetic energy to reach
the transition state
– Kinetic energy of molecules is a function of their
temp

61
Q

How Enzymes Lower the EA Barrier

A

Enzymes catalyze rxns by lowering the energy of
activation (EA) barrier

62
Q

interactions betwn the enzyme and the substrate stabilize
the transition state

A

Lower the activation E required for the rxn to proceed

63
Q

The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
depends on

A

[Substrate]
– Enzyme’s intrinsic affinity for the substrate
– Temp.
– pH

64
Q

Enzymes can be saturated

A
65
Q
  • The rate of a rxn is limited by the amount of:
A

– Substrate present
– Enzyme available

66
Q

All enzymes show
this type of
saturation
kinetics

A

Active sites cannot
accept substrates
any faster

67
Q

Enzymes are regulated by molecules that are
not part of the enzyme itself

A

cofactors & coenzymes

68
Q

Cofactors

A

norganic ions
– i.e. metal ions (Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe2+)
– Reversibly interact with enzymes

69
Q

Coenzymes

A

are organic molecules
– That interact with enzymes
– i.e. electron carriers NADH or FADH2; vitamins

70
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

bind to the active site
of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

71
Q

bind to another
part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to
change shape and making the active site less
effective

A

Noncompetitive inhibitors

72
Q

Some inhibitors are toxins, poisons, pesticides,
and antibiotics

A

true

73
Q

Regulation needed to prevent chemical CHAOS

A

Allosteric regulators can speed up or slow down
enzyme activity

Biology 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions