Metabolic/Nutritional Diseases Flashcards
Describe the two types of abomasal displacement. What are the clinical signs and cause? How are they treated?
Right- and left-displaced abomasum. Right may be complicated by torsion and is a medical emergency, left is more common.
Sings: Anorexia, decreased cud chewing, decreased ruminal contractions, decreased resp rate, and increased heart rate.
Diagnose via pinging, caused by gas accumulation causing abomasum to ‘float’ up.
RDA requires surgery, LDA may be surgical or non-surgical.
Correct electrolyte imbalances and acid-base imbalances, especially of RDA.
What are the two types of bloat? What causes each and how can they be treated?
Frothy bloat, caused by excessive ingestion of highly fermentable carbs. Treat with mineral oil, household detergents, or anti-fermentatives via stomach tube. Trocarize rumen
Free gas bloat with interference of normal eructation. May be due to esophageal obstruction, vagal nerve paralysis, and some CNS conditions. Prevention via withholding feed for at least 24h prior to anesthesia. Treat via stomach tube or trochar
What is the cause of lactic acidosis?
Excessive ingestion of highly fermentable carbohydrates. Leads to shift from gram-negative rumen bacteria to gram-positive Streptococcus and Lactobacillus.
What are the sequalae of the shift to gram-positive bacteria in the rumen from grain overload?
Lactic acid production acidifies rumen leading to inflammation. Leads to ulcers, liver abscesses, laminitis, and polioencephalomalacia
How can grain overload be prevented and treated?
Prevented by avoiding sudden dietary changes and overfeeding high carb diets.
Treat with fluids, magnesium hydroxide intraruminal or sodium bicarb IV, flush the rumen or rumenotomy, and transfaunation.
Describe traumatic reticulitis-reticuloperitonitis.
AKA Traumatic reticulitis-pericarditis or hardware disease.
Ingestion of sharp metallic objects which drop into reticulum and penetrate. Further migration may lead to penetration of diaphragm and pericardium.
What animals do ketosis and protein energy malnutrition affect? What is it caused by?
Ketosis and hepatic lipidosis are diseases of high-producing dairy cows. Beef heifers are susceptible to protein-energy malnutrition syndrome.
Caused by inadequate glucose production secondary to increased requirements in preg/lactation.
What are the clinical signs of ketosis/PEM? How can it be prevented and treated?
Anorexia, weakness, and lethargy. Neurologic signs. Fetal death. Ketonuria. Sodium nitroprusside tablets of ketosis dipsticks may be used to identify ketones in urine or plasma.
Prevent via adequate nutrition and managing body weight gain in late lactation.
Treat with IV fluids, IV glucose, B vitamins, propylene glycol, induce abortion or C-section
When are sheep, goats, and cattle prone to hypocalcemia? What clinical signs do they develop?
Sheep: Overweight ewes in last six weeks of gestation or first few weeks of lactation. Signs of muscle tetany, incoordination, paralysis, coma, and death.
Goats: Not as common. Bloated, weak, unsteady, recumbent.
Cattle: 24-48 hours before/after parturition. Weak, muscle tremors, inability to stand, coma, and death.
How is hypoglycemia prevented and treated?
Prevent by maintaining proper nutrition in the last trimester. Feed appropriate Ca:P ratio and limit calcium intake early on.
Treat with IV calcium borogluconate, calcium gels, and boluses
Where do urinary calculi occur in sheep, goats, and cattle?
Sheep and goats: Pizzle
Cattle: Sigmoid flexure
What are the clinical signs of urinary calculi in ruminants? What is the primary type of stone? How can it be prevented and treated?
Treading, straining, arched back, raised tail, squatting, and discolored pizzle.
Primary struvite
Prevented with a 2:1 Ca: P ratio, increase in dietary roughage and salt, adding ammonium chloride
Treat with surgery - Amputate pizzle or perform perineal urethrostomy
What does copper intoxication cause in sheep? What is the cause?
Causes a acute hemolytic crisis with sudden weakness, recumbency, hemoglobinuria, intravascular hemolysis, anemia, icterus, and sudden death.
Caused by chronic ingestion of copper. Feeding cattle feeds and concentrates to sheep, copper-containing pesticides, and soil additives.
How is copper intoxication treated?
Ammonium molybdenate, sodium molybdenate, D-penicillamine, or transfusion
What are the two forms of selenium/vitamin E deficiency?
Cardiac - Seen most often in neonates. Resp difficulty due to damage of cardiac, diaphragmatic, and intercostal muscles. Locomotor disturbances and circulatory failure
Skeletal - Reluctant to move, painful muscles
What is the cause of White Muscle Disease? How can it be prevented and treated?
Most often due to selenium deficiency, could be Vitamin E.
Prevention via proper diet and awareness of regional selenium deficiency.
Treat with injectable selenium or vitamin E.
What condition results from thiamine deficiency? What animals are affected?
Polioencephalomalacia.
Adult ruminants on high-concentrate diets (most common), ruminants exposed to toxic plants or moldy feed containing thiaminases, and ruminants on high-sulfate feeds
What are the signs of polioencephalomalacia? How is it prevented and treated?
Bruxism, hyperesthesia, involuntary muscle contractions, opisthotonus, seizures, wandering aimlessly, head-pressing, and death.
Prevent via providing enough high quality roughage to prevent overgrowth of thiaminase-producing ruminal flora.
Treat with thiamine hydrochloride.
What are the common causes of salt toxicity in ruminants?
High salt supplements to restrict intake, consuming water high in sodium, mistakes in formulation or preparation of feedstuffs or electrolyte solutions, and feeding of high sodium byproducts. Restriction of water.
What are the signs of salt toxicity? How is it prevented and treated?
Colic, diarrhea, blindness or star gazing, hyperexcitability, head-pressing, ataxia, incessant chewing, nystagmus, and seizures progressing to coma and death.
Prevent via providing adequate amounts of fresh water (<7000 ppm sodium) and avoiding water restriction if high-sodium feeds are used.
Treat with normal or hypertonic saline intravenously followed by oral fluid replacement. Mannitol for calves and small ruminants.
What is photosensitization most commonly due to?
Secondary to liver disease. Phenothiazine, sulfonamides, or tetracyclines
What neoplasia is appreciated in ruminants?
Relatively rare
Sheep: Lymphosarcoma/leukemia from a virus related to BLV. Pulmonary adenomatosis
Goats: Thymoma, cutaneous papillomas progressing to SCC
Cattle: Lymphosarcoma, ocular SCC, papillomatosis
