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Bacterial Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Actinobacillus/”Wooden Tongue”.

A

Actinobacillus lignierseii
Ubiquitous in environment and normal GI/resp flora
Diffuse abscess and granuloma formation. Skin lesions near touch points. Lips/tongue with difficult apprehension of food.
Sulfur like granules
Treat with IV sodium iodide or potassium iodide
Avoid poor quality coarse feed

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2
Q

Describe Actinomycosis/”Lumpy Jaw”.

A

Actinomyces bovis
Ubiquitous normal flora
Pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis of mandible and maxillae with draining tracts and painful mastication.
Results from penetrating wounds.
Sulfur-like granules
Treat with IV sodium iodide or oral potassium iodid
Avoid poor quality coarse feed

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3
Q

Describe omphalophlebitis.

A

AKA Navel ill.
Truperella pyogenes, may be mixed with E. coli
Painful umbilical swelling/abscess with potential depression/anorexia and drainage. May progress to cystitis, peritonitis, septicemia
Treat with wound management, debridement, and anti-microbials
Address poor hygiene and naval dipping

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4
Q

Describe Anthrax.

A

Bacillus anthracis.
Ubiquitous
Causes fever, anorexia, depression, listlessness, tremors, peracute deaths, and hemorrhage. Bloody secretions in urine, feces, and milk. Usually fatal in 1-3 days, especially in sheep and goats, but subacute/chronic state may occur.
Infection through ingestion, inhalation, and rarely biting flies. Spores released following change in climate.
Don’t necropsy suspect animals - Splenomegaly, generalized edema, incomplete rigor, rapid putrefaction, dark, uncoagulated blood from orifices
Zoonotic. Reportable disease and select agent.
Optimal sample is cotton swab dipped in blood and allowed to dry. Results in sporulation and death of other bacteria/contaminants.

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5
Q

Which stain is used to identify anthrax?

A

Polychrome methylene blue. Large reddish capsule apparent.

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6
Q

What varieties of brucellosis primarily infect what ruminants?

A

Brucella melitensis and B. melitensis var abortus. Considered goat specific, but can cause abortion in sheep
B. ovis is endemic in sheep throughout western N.A.
B. abortus in cattle, B. suis occasionally implicated

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7
Q

What clinical signs result from Brucella?

A

Orchitis, epididymitis, and abortion

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8
Q

Which Brucella agents are zoonotic?

A

B. melitensis and B. abortus

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9
Q

What agent causes Vibriosis in sheep? Humans?

A

Campylobacter fetus intestinalis or jejuni
Zoonotic! C. jejuni causes enteritis in humans.

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10
Q

Which Campylobacter species is the most important cause of ovine abortions in the US?

A

Per BB, C. fetus intestinalis. New text suggests that C. jejuni causes more sporadic abortions whereas C. fetus fetus more likely to be involved in abortion storms affecting large flocks in western U.S.

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of Campylobacter in sheep? How is it spread and controlled?

A

3rd trimester abortions, stillbirths, and weak lambs. On necropsy, edematous fetus with pale foci and gray placental cotyledons.
Spread via ingestion, with abortion storms contaminating the environment.
Control via use of bacterin, tetracycline during outbreak, and isolation of aborting ewes.

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12
Q

What causes bovine vibriosis?

A

Campylobacter fetus venerealis
Only affects bovines

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of bovine vibriosis? How is it spread and controlled?

A

Temporary infertility with cows returning to estrus early. Spontaneous abortions. Cows usually recover, may see necrotizing placentitis, bronchopneumonia, and hepatitis.
Ubiquitous, obligate organism of genital tract. Bulls are subclinical carrier.
Control with use of killed bacterin and prevent via use of AI and screening semen.

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14
Q

What agents cause caprine staphylococcal dermatitis? How does it typically present?

A

Staph intermedius and S. aureus
Small pustular lesions and inflammation of hair follicles around teats and perineum, occasionally other areas of body.

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15
Q

What is the causative agent of enterotoxemia? What toxins does it produce?

A

Clostridium perfringens Type C
Toxins alpha (hemolytic), beta (necrotizing), delta (cytotoxic and hemolytic), epsilon, iota

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16
Q

What animals does enterotoxemia most commonly impact?

A

Rapidly growing feedlot lambs on a high concentrate diet.
Common and significant financial concern

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17
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of enterotoxemia? How is it prevented?

A

Deep purple gut which may appear like a torsion. Evidence of septicemia (hydro pericardium, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, pulmonary and cranial edema)
Control with use of commercial toxoid given during the last trimester of pregnancy. Booster young animals then annual booster.

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18
Q

What agent causes pulpy kidney disease or overeating disease? What toxin does it produce?

A

Clostridium perfringens type D
Epsilon toxin
Important in sheep

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of Clostridium perfringens type D?

A

Peracute death, may be preceded by neuro signs (opsithotonous)
In acute cases, hyperglycemia and glucosuria almost pathognomonic. Epsilon toxin interferes with liver glycogen metabolism
Older animals/goats may have diarrhea

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20
Q

What lesions does Clostrium perfringens type D produce? What population of animals does it affect? How is it treated and prevented?

A

Sub-endocardial hemorrhage, pericardial effusion, and extremely necrotic, soft kidneys
Goats tend to have more GI lesions than sheep, which have more systemic sings
Largest, fastest growing lambs are most susceptible. Proliferates in duodenum due to excessive starch (overfeeding high-energy feeds)
Treat with fluids, antitoxin and abx. Prevent with vaccination.

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21
Q

What agent causes lockjaw or tetanus? Where is it found? What are the clinical signs?

A

Clostridium tetani
Found in soil and manure, obligate anaerobe
Sporadic, acute, fatal neuropathy. Bloat, muscular spasticity/rigidity, 3rd eyelid prolapse, inability to chew, hyperthermia, sawhorse stance, convulsions.
Death in 3-10 days from resp. failure. Mortality near 100%.

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22
Q

How is C. tetani transmitted? What is its pathogenesis? How is it treated and controlled?

A

Gain entry through wounds, with sheep and goats more susceptible than cattle.
Exotoxin is a multiunit protein with tetanospasmin (neurotoxin) and tetanolysin (hemolytic). Toxin diffuses retrograde through motor neurons and inhibits release of glycine and GABA
Treat with antitoxin and toxoid, abx, tranquilizers, and muscle relaxants. Control via sanitation and vaccination with toxoid.

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23
Q

What agent causes big head and black disease? Describe each condition.

A

Clostridium novyi
Bighead - Disease of rams. Nongaseous, nonhemorrhagic edema of head and neck due to horn injury. Death in 48-72h
Black disease - Infectious necrotizing hepatitis. Peracute, with death in 48-72hr.

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24
Q

What agent causes red water? Describe the condition.

A

Clostridium hemolyticum
Bacillary hemaglobinuria

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25
What agent causes black leg? Describe the condition.
Clostridium chauvoei Necrosis and emphysema of muscle ,asses SQ edema and crepitus. Death w/i 48h regardless of therapy.
26
What agent causes malignant edema? Describe the condition.
Clostridium septicum or other Clostridium Gas gangrene (perfringens) with acute/fatal disease. Affected area feels warm, often blue in color. Regional lymphadenopathy with pitting edema, crepitus, and SQ gas. Death in 12h to 2 days.
27
What agent causes colibacillosis? What antigens does this agent have?
E. coli O = Somatic H = Flagellar K = Envelope/pili
28
How common is E. coli? What causes it? What clinical and necropsy findings can be seen? How is it prevented?
Most common gram neg. pathogen of calves/lambs. Caused by overcrowding, poor sanitation, and failure of passive transfer. Endemic from udders. Secretory diarrhea and perineal staining. Fluid-filled intestines, evidence of sepsis (hemorrhage of ln and enlarged joints) Monitor colostrum quality, sanitation, and vaccinate dam
29
What agent causes caseous lymphadenitis? What clinicals signs are seen with CL?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Cheesy abscessation of superficial and deep ln. Any ln abscess in sheep and goats is suspect. May become exercise intolerant and debilitated over time.
30
How does CL enter the body? What is its pathogenesis? How is it treated?
Enters via skin wound or aerosolization. Can survive in environment for at least 6 months. Produces an exotoxin that damages endothelial and blood cell membranes. Allows organism to withstand phagocytosis Lance/drain site or surgical removal
31
What does Corynebacterium renale cause? Describe the condition.
Pyelonephritis in cattle. Fever, anorexia, arched posture, and hematuria. May become chronic. Treatable with abx.
32
What does Corynebacterium pilosum cause? Describe the condition.
Pizzle rot in sheep and goats. Predisposed with high-protein diets, as bacteria convert urea into ammonia.
33
What agent causes lumpy wool? In which species? Describe the conditions.
Dermatophilus congolensis In sheep: Chronic bacterial skin disease known as lumpy wool. Crusty and exudative lesions. Painful, not pruritic. In cattle: Cutaneous streptothricosis. Causes raised mats, usually does not impact health. Zoonotic!
34
What agents cause foot rot or interdigital necrobacillosis? Describe the condition.
Fusobacterium necrophorum or Prevotella melaninogenic Sudden onset lameness, more commonly of hindlimbs. Swollen interdigital lameness. 3-legged lameness.
35
What agents cause heel warts or papillomatous digital dermatitis? Describe the condition.
Treponema, Fusobacteria, Prevotella, Bacteroides. Haired skin is affected - plantar surface near heel bulb. Bacteria responsible for proliferative response. No swelling or fever, like foot rot. Painful, progressive, moist and red to gray to black plaques. Scoring system developed. Highly contagious - fomites important.
36
What does TEME stand for? What agent causes it?
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME). Histophilus somni
37
What disease can H. somni cause in cattle? Where is it found? What are the clinical signs?
Affect CNS, respiratory, cardiovascular, or musculoskeletal system. TEME, myocarditis, septicemia, arthritis, repro failure, resp disease. Commensal organism, with pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains Creates a systemic vasculitis resulting in sudden death, depression, neurologic, dyspnea, incoordination, fever. Heart failure can lead to dyspnea. Treatment unrewarding. Part of BRDC.
38
What are the important serovars of leptospirosis? What general diseases/conditions can leptospirosis cause? What stain is used for leptospires?
Pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, interogans, and hardjo Acute and chronic infections with multi-systemic disease: Anemia, fever, hemolysis, jaundice, pulmonary congestion, meningitis, and repro effects. Warthin-Starry Zoonotic!
39
What agent causes circling disease or silage disease? Where is it found?
Listeria monocytogenes Found in soil and fermented feedstuffs (spoiled silage)
40
What disease conditions does Listeria cause in ruminants? What clinical signs and necropsy lesions are seen?
Encephalitis - Microabscesses of midbrain Placentitis with abortion - Aborted fetus may have fibrinous polyserositis, necrotic foci in liver Septicemia with hepatitis and pneumonia - Microabscesses throughout viscera Initially lethargy, followed by neuro signs, usually of the cranial nerves
41
How is Listeria spread? Diagnosed? Treated?
Oral ingestion of contaminated feed and water. Enters through breaks in oral mucosa CSF has increased protein and large mononuclear cells Treat with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories
42
What agents cause mastitis in sheep, goats, and cattle?
Sheep: Mannheimia hemolytica Goats: S. epidermidis Cattle: It's a whole thing
43
What agent causes pinkeye or infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?
Specific to cattle Moraxella bovis
44
What are the clinical signs of Moraxella bovis? How is it spread? Treated?
Lacrimation, photophobia, blepharospasm, chemosis and conjunctival injection, ulceration +/- anterior uveitis Spread via direct contact, fomites, flies, and tools Adults animals recover w/o treatment, younger animals need tx
45
What agent causes tuberculosis in sheep, goats, and cattle?
Sheep: M. bovis or M. avium Goat: M. bovis, M. avium, or M. tuberculosis Cattle: M. bovis
46
How host specific is each species of tuberculosis?
M. tuberculosis is most specific - Humans and nonhuman primates, rarely produces progressive disease in other animals M. bovis - Progressive disease in most warm-blooded vertebrates M. caprae - Europe, cattle and other species M. avium - Only species of consequence in birds, wide host range including some cold-blooded animals M. intracellulare - Cole-blooded animals
47
What stain is used for Mycobacteria?
Acid fast
48
What clinical signs are appreciated with Mycobacterium?
M. bovis - Respiratory. Dyspnea, coughing, pneumonia M. avium - Gastrointestinal, with diarrhea (most common), bloat, or constipation Weight loss common
49
How is Mycobacterium spread?
Aerosol or ingestion. Shed in almost all body secretions with a carrier status.
50
What lesions does Mycobacterium cause?
Tubercules with central areas of necrosis and calcification in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and mesenteric ln
51
How is tuberculosis diagnosed and controlled?
Diagnosis via IDT, false positives from other mycobacterium species US eradication programs exist. Reportable and zoonotic disease
52
What agents contribute to Pasturellosis? Describe the condition.
Mannheimia haemolytica, P. multocida, Histophilus somni Pneumonia/septicemia in all ruminants with acute bacterial bronchopneumonia, fibrinous pleuritis, arthritis, and gray-purple congested lungs. Bacterins available for control. Ubiquitous agent, with stress an important risk factor
53
What agent causes Johne's disease? How does it present in sheep, goats, and cattle?
Mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis Wasting disease, usually older animals that are symptomatic Sheep/Goats: Chronic wasting, occasional diarrhea Cattle: Unthriftiness, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea
54
How is Johne's spread? What is the pathogenesis? How is it controlled?
Ingestion and penetration of organism through ileum. Grows only in macrophages, with a carrier state existing. Thickened ileum on necropsy, may not be present in sheep and goats. Control through test and slaughter. Environmental sanitation is key. Some states have eradication programs.
55
What Salmonella species are found in sheep, goats, and cattle?
Sheep/goats: S. typhimurium, dublin, abortusoivs, anatum, montevideo, brandenburg, schwarzengrund, indiana Cattle: S. typhimurium, dublin, Newport
56
What are the signs of Salmonellosis?
One of the top causes of diarrhea in young kids and lambs. Acute gastroenteritis, dysentery, septicemia (common), abortion throughout gestation. Septicemia can progress to meningitis, polyarthritis, and pneumonia. Can cause abortion storms.
57
What is the pathogenesis of Salmonella? What lesions can be seen? How is it treated?
Stress predisposes. Petechial hemorrhage on surface of liver, heart, MLNs, pseudodiptheritic membrane in distal S.I. (not goats) Treatment with abx to reduce abortion loss
58
What agent causes Tularemia? Describe the condition.
Francisella tularensis Primarily in sheep Fever, muscular stiffness, lymphadenopathy, anemia, diarrhea Transmitted by ticks and biting flies (Dermacenter andersoni) and orally. Rabbits and wild rodents natural reservoir Suppurative and necrotic ln on necropsy with congested lungs. Responsive to abx.
59
What agent causes ovine mycoplasmal pneumonia? Describe the condition.
Mycoplasma ovipneumonia. Serious disease or acute or chronic pneumonia, can be complicated by pasturellosis
60
What agents cause contagious caprine pleuropneumonia? Describe the condition
Mycoplasma mycoides biotype F38. Can also be caused by M. ovipneumoniae, M. mycoides capri Severe dyspnea, nasal discharge, cough, and fever. Similar to mycoplasma pneumonias. Yellow-colored effusions common. Highly contagious with high morbidity and mortality.
61
What does Mycoplasma bovigenitalium cause?
Abortion/infertility
62
What does Mycoplasma bovis cause?
Respiratory pathogen
63
What does Mycoplasma conjunctivae cause?
Pinkeye/conjunctivitis
64
What agent causes Q Fever? What population is at greatest concern for zoonotic infection?
Coxiella burnetti Greatest concern in pregnant and immune-compromised humans. A single organism can cause disease.
65
What clinical signs and lesions does Q fever cause?
Major cause of late abortion in sheep. Usually asymptomatic in ruminants. Abortion, stillbirth, endometritis, mastitis, infertility, and weak lambs can occur. Necrotizing placentitis in cases of abortions
66
How is Q fever transmitted?
Very stable in environment. Found free-living or arthropod cycle, concentrated in placental tissue, shed in milk, urine, feces, and oronasal secretions. Inhalation important for zoonosis.
67
Where in the body does Q fever persist?
Obligate intracellular organism.
68
What diseases do Chlamydophila species cause?
C. abortus - Enzootic abortion in sheep and goats. Most common cause of abortion in goats in US. Causes enzootic abortion of eyes, with late term abortions, stillbirths, and weak lambs. Aborted fetuses fresh with minimal necrolysis, necrotic placentitis, reddish-brown cotyledons and thickened brown intercotyledonary areas with exudate C. pecorum - Polyarthritis of sheep which usually resolves in 4 weeks without permanent arthritis. Infectious conjunctivitis in sheep and goats (not cattle). Not associated with abortions.
69
How is enzootic abortion of ewes controlled?
Self-limiting. When first introduced, 25-60% of flock may abort, but once epizootic drops to 1-15% and limited to primiparous does/ewes

Sheep/Goats (9 decks)

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