Metabolic effects of hormones and cytokines

Question 1

What are the functions of hormonal changes in exercise

Answer 1

maintain blood pressure, redistribution of blood, increased fuel mobilisation (glucose and FFA), maintain blood glucose concentration

Question 2

What hormones increase during exercise

Answer 2

noradrenaline, adrenaline and cortisol

Question 3

What hormone decreases during exercise

Answer 3

insulin

Question 4

Describe mechanism of steroid hormone

Answer 4

1) enters the cell. 2) binds to specific receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus. 3) hormone-receptor complex activates cell DNA, which forms RNA. 4) mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm. 5) mRNA directs protein synthesis in cytoplasm (translation)

Question 5

Describe mechanism of non-steroid hormone

Answer 5

1) bind to specific receptor on cell membrane. 2) activates adenylate cyclase on cell membrane. 3) catalyses formation of cAMP. 4) activates protein kinases that lead to cellular changes and hormonal effects

Question 6

What does insulin regulate

Answer 6

glucose entry into tissue

Question 7

When is insulin secretion increased and inhibited

Answer 7

Increased when blood glucose increases above normal after carb feeding. Inhibited by adrenaline during exercise as cells sensitivity to insulin increases.

Question 8

what transporter does insulin regulate and what does it do

Answer 8

GLUT4. Can open gateway for glucose via muscle contraction or insulin signalling which allows glucose to be transported into cell

Question 9

What is glycogenolysis

Answer 9

Glycogen into glucose

Question 10

What does insulin convert cAMP into

Answer 10

AMP

Question 11

List the hormonal changes which activate muscle glycogen breakdown and glycolysis in exercise

Answer 11

Increased adrenaline/noradrenaline, decreased insulin, increased glucagon

Question 12

List the intracellular changes which activate muscle glycogen breakdown and glycolysis in exercise

Answer 12

Increased Calcium, increased AMP and Pi, increased fructose 6-phosphate, decreased PCr, decreased ratio of ATP:ADP

Question 13

What are the hormonal changes on kidney during exercise and what do they help to do

Answer 13

Increased vasopressin and aldosterone. Helps to maintain blood volume and adjust blood pressure

Question 14

List 8 factors affecting magnitude of hormonal response

Answer 14

intensity, duration, body temperature, psychological stress, hypoxia, nutritional status, circadian rhythm and menstrual cycle phase, exercise training

Question 15

What are Cytokines

Answer 15

messenger molecules to communicate between white blood cells

Question 16

What does the cytokine interleukin-6 do.

Answer 16

Triggers increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines, helps in breakdown of glycogen to glucose in energy crisis and also helps in lipolysis.