Metabolic Disease Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 major causes of metabolic disease?
A
- Genetic
- Nutritional
- Hormonal
2
Q
What are examples of genetically caused Metabolic Disease?
A
- Lysomal storage diseases
- Glycogenoses
- Mucopolysaccharidose
- Hyperlipidemia syndromes
- Certain Endocrine disorders
3
Q
What are examples of nutritionally caused Metabolic Disease?
A
- Vitamin and mineral deficiency
- Oral neoplasia or inflammation
- Malabsorption syndromes
- Johnes disease
4
Q
What are examples of hormonally caused Metabolic Disease?
A
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperparathyroidism
5
Q
What are Genetic Metabolic Disease?
A
- Problems due to a problem with a single protein in a metabolic pathway
- single gene defects
- Most of these gene defects are inherited
- Some have congenital morphological defects
- Some are not manifested morphologically or functionally until later in life
- manifestations of the problem occur only upon continued growth and development
- Some inherited metabolic diseases remain subclinical for life
- Most are irreversible
- severity of the anomaly determines the severity and progression of the disease
- Inherited deficiencies of a protein will not improve
- animal may adapt to compensate in some situations
6
Q
What is Lysosomal Storage Disease?
A
- Characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides or lipid components within cellular lysosomes
- Lysosomes are the principal site of intracellular degradation of complex molecules
- Inherited enzyme deficiency inhibits the degradation of these large molecules
- Intermediate catabolic products can’t be degraded and accumulate within lysosomes
7
Q
What is Alpha Mannosidosis?
A
- Deficiency of alpha-mannosidase
- Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait
- Described in humans, cats, and cattle
- Skeletal and ocular abnormalities may occur
- Progressive neurologic disease
- Cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons, mesenchymal and epithelial cells
8
Q
What Is Feline Alpha-Mannosidosis?
A
- Clinical onset occurs at an early age (8-10 weeks)
- Disease is heterogenous; being less sever in DLH cats
- Progressive neurologic disease
- Tremor, ataxia, dysmetria, weakness, and emaciation
-
Cytoplasmic inclusions consist mainly of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine
- Inclusions in neurons, hepatocytes and other cells
- High concentrations of these products are excreted in the urine
- Affects Persians, DSH and DLH
9
Q
What are Nutritional Metabolic Diseases?
A
- Most Nutritional problems exert their effect by altering metabolism
- Improper nutrition can result from
- Inadequate nutrient in the diet
- Inadequate nutrient uptake
- Inadequate nutrient absorption
- Most are reversible
- Nutrient deficiency in the diet is corrected
- Rickets is reversed by adding Vit D
- Dramatic excess demands are resolved
- Rapid changes during parturition and lactation
- Nutrient imbalances are corrected
- Calcium and phosphorus ratios and bone disease
- Nutrient deficiency in the diet is corrected
10
Q
What is Liver Lipidosis?
A
- Liver plays a central role in metabolism
- Synthesis and metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbs
- Conjugation and detoxification reactions
- Waste product excretion
- Bile secretion
- Storage of nutrients
-
Some degree of lipidosis accompanies many metabolic alterations
- Hyperlipidemia syndromes
- Endocrine disorders
- Nutritional problems
- Physiological changes
- Metabolic Imbalance between protein, fat, or carbs can result in lipidosis
- Increased rate of fat entry to hepatocytes
- Decreased rate of lipoprotein formation within hepatocytes
- Decreased energy levels
11
Q
What are Hormonal metabolic diseases?
A
- Hormones are a major regulator and integrator of metabolism
- Any endocrine dysfunction or disease will have metabolic manifestations
- Examples:
- Fibrous osteodystrophy
- Pituitary adenoma
- Diabetes mellitus
12
Q
What are Hormonal metabolic diseases?
A
- Hormones are a major regulator and integrator of metabolism
- Any endocrine dysfunction or disease will have metabolic manifestations
- Examples:
- Fibrous osteodystrophy
- Pituitary adenoma
- Diabetes mellitus
13
Q
What is Fibrous Osteodystrophy?
A
- Inadequate intake or loss of calcium requires mobilization from tissues
- Excessive and prolonged action of parathormone results in bone demineralization
14
Q
What is a pituitary adenoma?
A
- Neoplasia of chromophobes results in excessive ACTH production and can compress regions of the hypothalamus
- Adrenal cortical hyperplasia results in excessive adrenocorticosteroid production (hyperadrenocorticism)
- Hypothalamic pressure can interfere with function of regulator centers
- Ie. appetite, thermal regulation (often results in hirsutism)
15
Q
What is Diabetes mellitus?
A
- Most common in dogs, sometimes in cats
- Problem is inadequate insulin activity
-
Type 1 (insulin-dependents)
- due to decreased insulin secretion
-
Type 2 (Non-insulin-dependent)
- Due to inadequate insulin release or target cell response
-
Type 1 (insulin-dependents)
18
Q
What are the pathological features of Diabetes Mellitus?
A
- Hepatic lipidosis and glycogenosis*
- Glomerulosclerosis and glycogen nephrosis
- Cataracts
- Vascular lesions and necrosis are not as prominent as in humans
- Other lesions associated with any predisposing factor
- Adrenal cortical hyperplasia or pituitary adenoma
