METABOLIC DISEASE 1 Flashcards
Why study models in vitro?
No off target effects and interference from rest of the body –> experiments easier to do
Organoids becoming widely used
ADVANTAGES OF Improvements in microscopy
lines of cells can be followed in REAL TIME
What is diabetes?
- Type 1 - what is it
- Type 2 - what is it
Body in unable to regulate blood glucose levels.
Type 1 - Deficient production of insulin from B cells in the pancreas (or deficient in number of cells)
Type 2 - cells are resistant to insulin. Many people with type 2 also have type 1 –> B cells of the pancreas over time become resistant and depleted. Type 2 is CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE
What is CO-MORBIDITY
When more than 1 disease is recognised at the same time
ANIMAL MODELS - most common ones used in study of metabolic disease?
Common techniques?
Zebrafish and mouse.
TRANSEGNIC LINES - can report the presence of cells in specific tissues eg. liver, pancreas, adipose.
Can analyse this in a diseased and healthy animal and make a comparison
DOUBLE TRANSGENIC ANIMALS can be used
OBESITY - what is it?
Where is fat supposed to accumulate?
Characterised by build up of fat in ectopic sites eg organs and skeletal muscle.
Fat supposed to build up in adipocytes – removal = hyperglycemia
How was brain dysfunction linked to obesity in mice?
Mice who had a LACK of adipocytes - - - leptin deficient (no suppression of appetite was seen) – obesity linked to brain dysfunction?
E.D.U - what is EDU, why do we use it and how does it work?
Where is it used?
EDU is a flourescent analogue of Thymidine Used to indicate when a population of cells are proliferating.
When cells divide, they replicate their DNA by semi-conservative replication. EDU is added and incubates with cells –> microscopy is used to show that cells are dividing
Used as an indication of B cells in the pancreas dividing
ROLE OF GUT BACTERIA IN DIABETES
- what is the microbiota
- why is it important
- what was shown in FISH
Thought that gut bacteria have a role in the development of the gut.
Microbiota is the population of bacteria and microbes that exist inside the body.
In fish and mammals the MICROBIOTA is established at the same time as the B CELLS STARTING TO GROW
When fish raised in a microbe-free environment —> no increase in the size of the cell population was seen
EXPOSURE OF MICROBE FREE FISH TO DIFF POPULATIONS OF BACTERIA
Isolated a population of bacteria that were able to RESTORE B CELLS —–> They secreted a protein called BefA
BefA protein —-» effect in fish?
BefA caused proliferation of B cells as seen by the EDU method
Relevance of the BefA protein to humans and especially children?
BefA similar protein produced in humans.
If children are on long term courses of antibiotics then this could impact the development of the gut and be a possible cause for diabetes in the future?
