Metabolic Conditions Flashcards
S2Q3
METABOLIC:
etiology (3), risk factors (5)
prevention - exercise duration & intensity, diet (2)
- eti: sedentary, obesity, insulin resistance (DM2)
- risk factors: age, race, obesity, DM, PCOS
prevention
* exercise: mild-mod 30-60 mins
* low salt & fat
METABOLIC: Manifestation
abdominal obesity (2), waist circumference (2)
hyperglycemia - fasting, pre, DM
HDL, LDL
Htn
other sx (4)
- abdominal obesity & HDL: 40 (M) 35 (F)
- LDL: 130
- waist circumference: 88 (M) 102 (F)
hyperglycemia
* fasting blood sugar & Htn: 110
HBAIC (3m)
* pre-DM: 5.7-6.4
* DM: >6.5
other sx: polyuria, polydypsia (thirst), blur, fatigue
METABOLIC:
what + what = electrolyte balance
thirst mechanism & renal = balance
METABOLIC: Conditions - Dehydration
prognosis (2)
sx (8)
sx: poor skin, headache
- prognosis: lead to uremia (toxin in blood), hypovolemic shock (rapid fluid loss = organ failure)
signs/sx
* poor skin turgor, dry mucous membrane
* headache, irritability, disorientation, lethargy
* postural hypotension
* incoordination
METABOLIC:
poor skin turgor is what
poor skin turgor = remain elevated after pulled & released
METABOLIC: Conditions - Edema
etiology (8)
sx (3)
sx: weight gain
eti: heart failure, protein
causes
* heart failure (R>L), venous insufficiency, obstructed lymph
* protein kidney loss, liver cirrhosis
* pre-menstrual retention, pregnancy
* heat stress
* burns, inflammation, allergy
signs/sx
* weight gain, cramps, twitches
METABOLIC: Conditions - Potassium
hypokalemia - etiology (6), sx (4)
hyperkalemia - etiology (5)
sx (2)
hypo - metaolic acidosis + FAND; hyper - metabolic acidosis
hypokalemia
causes
- metabolic acidosis, alkalosis
- renal tubular disease
- diarrhea, vomit, diuretic
signs/sx
- arrythmia (depressed ST), weakness
- fatigue, aches, nausea, abdominal distention
hyperkalemia
causes
- metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis
- kidney failure, sickle cell, SLE
signs/sx
- arrythmia (tall T), weakness
METABOLIC: Conditions - Sodium
hypo - etiology (2), sx (4)
hyper - etiology (1), sx (3)
sx (2)
eti - water; sx - ICP & pitting edema
hyponatremia
causes
- water intoxication, endocrine tumor
signs/sx
- convulsion, weight loss
- inc ICP, cerebral hemorrhage, incoordination, sleepy
hypernatremia
causes
- water deficit
signs/sx
- convulsion, weight gain
- active heart (tachy Htn agitate), pitting edema, pulmonary edema c dyspnea
METABOLIC: Conditions - Calcium
hypo - etiology (5.2), sx (6.2.1)
hyper - etiology (1.3), sx (4)
sx (1)
eti - parathyroid/acute; sx - muscle cramps & pagod
hypocalcemia
causes
- hypoparathyroidism, dec albumin, malabsorption of Ca & vit D
- hyperphyphatemia
- alkalosis, acute pancreatitis
signs/sx
- arrythmia
- muscle cramps, twitch, tetany, spasm, convulsion, paresthesia
- anxiety, irritability
- hypotension
hypercalcemia
causes
- hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, vit. A intoxication
- tumor
signs/sx
- arrythmia
- pagod (nausea vomit fatigue), depression, confusion
- inc urine
METABOLIC: Conditions - Magnesium
hypo - etiology (8), sx (2)
hyper - etiology (3.3), sx (4.2)
sx (1)
eti - Ca (3) edema (2) & diabetic; sx - cramps & hyporeflexive
hypomagnesemia
causes
- hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, chronic pancreatitis
- liver cirrhosis, hemodialysis, blood transfusion, fluid loss
- severe burn
signs/sx
- confusion
- leg & foot cramps, irritability
hypermagnesemia
causes
- diabetic acidosis, renal failure, hypothyroidism
- addison’s, antacids, dehydration
signs/sx
- confusion
- weak, lethargy, drowsy, hyporeflexia
- bradycardia, hypotension
METABOLIC: Conditions - Chloride
hypo - etiology (3.2.4), sx (3)
hyper - etiology (3.3), sx (3)
sx (2)
eti - alkalosis/CHF & alkalosis; sx - breathing & thirst
hypochloremia
causes
- metabolic alkalosis, CHF, chronic lung disease
- prolonged diarrhea/vomit
- diuretics, laxatives, corticosteroid, bicarbonate
signs/sx
- weak, fatigue
- fluid loss, hyponatremia, diff breathing
hyperchloremia
causes
- respiratory alkalosis, kidney, DM
signs/sx
- weak, fatigue
- inc BP, thirst, dry mucous
METABOLIC: Conditions - Phosphate
hypo - etiology (3.4.2), sx (3.2)
hyper - etiology (4.3), sx (3)
sx (3)
eti - Ca (2) genetics & Ca (2); sx - bone shit
hypophosphatemia
causes
- hyperparathyroidism, vit D. deficiency
- genetics, alcohol, fanconi’s syndrome, diabetic ketoacidosis
- chronic diarrhea
- severe burns, ICU
signs/sx
- weakness, bone pain, bone fx
- slowed growth, teeth decay or late baby
- numb, irritability, confused
hyperphosphatemia
causes
- kidney, hypoparathyroidism, vit. D excess, diabetic ketoacidosis
- muscle & cell damage, infection
signs/sx
- weakness, joint pain, bone weak
- numb & tingling around mouth
- rash, itchy
METABOLIC: Conditions - Acid-Base
metabolic acidosis - etiology (3), sx (3.2)
metabolic alkalosis - etiology (2.3), sx (3.3)
sx (4)
sx- malaise & coma
metabolic acidosis
causes
- DM, renal insufficiency, diarrhea
signs/sx
- vomit, muscle twitch
- hyperventilation, deep respiration
- headache, nausea, malaise
- dry skin, poor turgoe
metabolic alkalosis
causes
- hypokalemia, peptic ulcer
- antacids, diuretics, excess vomit
signs/sx
- vomit, muscle twitch
- hypoventilation, depressed respiration
- irritability, agitation, confusion
- dysrrhytmia, weakness, coma (death)
METABOLIC: Conditions - Thyroid
hypo - etiology (2), sx (3), red flags (4)
hyper - etiology (3), sx (1.5), red flags (2)
sx (3)
which can lead to death
sx - dry lethargy & tremor
hypothyroidism
causes
- anti-thyroid meds, hashimoto’s disease
signs/sx
- weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation
- dry skin & hair, mental & physical lethargy, low BP
red flags
- can lead to death
- exercise intolerance, exercise myalgia, apathy, weak
hyperthyroidemia
causes
- inc thyroxine (grave’s disease & thyroid storm), inc metabolism
signs/sx
- weight loss, heat intolerance, hunger
- diarrhea
- nausea, palpitation, tachy, hypereflexive, tremor
red flags
- exercise intolerance, fatigue (hypermetabolic)
METABOLIC: Conditions - Adrenal
addison’s - pathology (1=2), etiology (3), sx (2.2.3), tx (5)
sx: bronze anorexia stress
- bye adrenocortical = bye cortisol & aldosterone
- eti: infection, neoplasm, hemorrhage
signs/sx
- inc bronze skin, cold intolerance
- anxiety, depression, stress intolerance
- dec endurance, anorexia
tx
- glucocorticoid
- Na K, carbs & protein
