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SpeCon > Metabolic Conditions > Flashcards

Metabolic Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolic syndrome conditions include

A

high blood pressure
high blood sugar
excess body fat/visceral fat in abdominal area
abnormal cholesterol/triglyceride levels

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2
Q

causes of metabolic syndrome

A

obesity
inactivity

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3
Q

linked condition to metabolic syndrome

A

type 2 dm

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4
Q

Risk factors of metabolic syndrome

A

age
ethnicity: more common in hispanic women
obesity
type 2 DM (F>M)
Non alcoholic fatty liver
sleep apnea
PCOS

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5
Q

clinical manifestations

A

abdominal obesity
hyperglycemia
hypertension
triglycerides
cholesterol

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6
Q

abdominal obesity

A

m > 40in waistline
f > 35 in waistline

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7
Q

hyperglycemia

A

> 110 mg/dL

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8
Q

best marker for hyperglycemia

A

HBA1C

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9
Q

Normal HBA1C value

A

<5.7&

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10
Q

triglycerides

A

HDL: <40 mg/dL (males); <35 mg/dL (females)

LDL: >130 mg/dL

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11
Q

cholesterol

A

normal amount is <200 mg/dL

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12
Q

clinical presentations of metabolic syndrome

A

large waist circumference
polydipsia ( inc thirst)
polyuria (inc urine)
fatigue
blurred vision

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13
Q

diabetic triad

A

polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia

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14
Q

metabolic syndrome is defined as having > or equal to 3 of the 5 components:

A

elevated waist circumference
elevated triglycerides or takes drugs for elevated triglycerides
low HDL
elevated BP or htn drug tx
elevated fasting glucose

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15
Q

mechanisms that maintain balance in fluid and electrolytes

A

thirst mechanism and renal function

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16
Q

dehydration

A

output > input

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17
Q

causes of dehydration

A

poor intake
excess output/urination
profuse sweating
vomiting
diarrhea
diuretics

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18
Q

clinical manifestations of dehydration

A

poor skin turgor
dry mucous membranes
headache
irritability
postural hypotension
incoordination
lethargy
disorientation
uremia
hypovolemic shock

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19
Q

uremia

A

build up of toxins in blood since kidneys cannot filter; can lead to death

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20
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

medical and surgical condition in which rapid fluid loss results in multiple organ failure

d/t inadequate circulating volume & subsequent inadequate perfusion; could also lead to death

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21
Q

edema

A

excess of body fluids with expansion of interstitial fluid volume

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22
Q

causes of edema

A

heart failure (usually r sided)
kidney disease
premenstrual retention
pregnancy
heat stress
venous obstruction
protein losing kidney disease
starvation
malnutrition
inflammation
obstruction of lymphatic flow
malignancy

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23
Q

manifestations of edema

A

bipedal edema
weight gain
headache
blurred vision
muscle cramps
twitches

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24
Q

Normal potassium level

A

3.5-5.5

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25
Q

hypokalemia causes

A

diarrhea
vomiting
metabolic acidosis
renal tubular disease
alkalosis
diabetes insipidus
hyperaldosteronism
hypomagnesemia

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26
Q

classified as severe hypokalemia

A

<2.5 meq/l

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27
Q

hypokalemia manifestations

A

muscle weakness, aches, fatigue
cardiac arrhythmia
abdominal distention
nausea & vomiting

myalgia tremor
muscle cramps
intestinal motility
constipation
abnormal heart rhythm (too slow) leading to cardiac arrest

flaccid paralysis
hyporeflexia

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28
Q

hyperkalemia causes

A

acute renal failure
metabolic acidosis
diabetic ketoacidosis
sickle cell anemia
SLE

high amount of K+ su[[lement
potassium excretion affected by kidney failure
hypoaldosteronism
rhabdomyolysis

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29
Q

medications for hypokalemia

A

furosemide
steroids
dialysis

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30
Q

hyperkalemia meds

A

spironolactone
nsaids
ace inhibitors

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31
Q

hyperkalemia severity divided into

A

mild = 5.5-5.9
moderate = 6.0-6.4 mEq/L
severe > 6.5 mEq/L

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32
Q

hyperkalemia manifestations

A

muscle weakness, arrhythmias (tall t wave, prolong p-r interval and qrs duration)

typically no sx

when severe:
muscle pain
muscle weakness or numbness
irritability and anxiety
palpitations
dysrhytmias
dec BP
abdominal cramping and diarrhea
dec urine output
hyperventilation

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33
Q

normal sodium level

A

135-146 meq/L

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34
Q

2/3 of water located

A

inside cells

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35
Q

1/3 of water located in

A

ecf and blood plasma

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36
Q

most important regulator of fluid balance and principal determinant of plasma osmolality

A

sodium

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37
Q

causes of hyponatremia

A

water intoxication
tumors
endocrine tumors

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38
Q

manifestation hyponatremia

A

confusion
decreased mental alertness
convulsions
signs of increased ICP
poor motor coordination
sleepiness
anorexia

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39
Q

hypovolemic meaning & treatment

A

sodium and water levels both decrease but sodium loss is greater; vomiting/diarrhea

rehydration with isotonic fluids

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40
Q

hypervolemic meaning and treatment

A

both sodium and water levels increase with greater water increase; fluid retention and conditions such as heart failure, liver cirrhosis, renal/kidney failure

diuresis

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41
Q

euvolemic meaning and treatment

A

sodium level is normal but thereis increase in body water; excessive water intake, renal insufficiency, inappropriate ADH secretion

restrict free water intake; address underlying cause

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42
Q

Premenopausal women are susceptible to acute ____ with severe brain edema

A

hyponatremia

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43
Q

Premenopausal women are more susceptible to acute hyponatremia due to

A

increased vasopression = kidneys retain more water

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44
Q

acute symptomatic hyponatremia <48 hrs is an emergency. t or f.

A

true

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45
Q

hypernatremia amount

A

> 145 meq/l

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46
Q

hypernatremia causes

A

water deficit
excessive water loss
impaired vasopressin release
renal dysfunction
diuretics

47
Q

hypernatremia manifestations

A

EXCESSIVE WATER RETENTION

pitting edema, excessive weight gain, pulmonary edema, hypertension, tachycardia, agitation, restlessness, convulsions

48
Q

calcium normal level

A

8.4-10.4 mg/dL

49
Q

hypocalcemia causes

A

reduced albumin
hyperphosphatemia
hypoparathyroidism
malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D
alkalosis
acute pancreatitis

50
Q

hypocalcemia manifestations

A

muscle cramps
tetany
spasm
paresthesia
anxiety
irritiability
twitching convulsions
arrhythmias
hypotension

51
Q

hypercalcemia causes

A

hyperparathyroidism
tumor
hyperthyroidism
vitamin A intoxications

52
Q

hypercalcemia manifestations

A

fatigue
depression
mental confusion
nausea
vomiting
increased urination
occasional cardiac arrhythmias

53
Q

normal magnesium level

A

1.8-2.4

54
Q

hypomagnesemia causes

A

hemodialysis
blood transfusion
chronic renal disease
hepatic cirrhosis
chronic pancreatitis
hypoparathyroidism
malabsorption syndromes
severe burns
excess loss of body fluids
alcolohism
starvation
diarrhea
inc urinary loss
poor absorption from intestines

55
Q

hypomagnesemia manifestation

A

hyper-irritability
confusion
leg and foot cramps
tremor
nystagmus
seizures
cardiac arrest

56
Q

hypermagnesemia causes

A

renal failure
diabetic acidosis
hypothyroidism
addison’s disease
dehydration
use of antacids

57
Q

hypermagnesemia manifestation

A

hyporeflexia,
muscle weakness
drowsiness
lethargy
confusion
bradycardia
hypotension

58
Q

problems in magnesium leads to

A

dec bp, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes

59
Q

hypermagnesemia symptoms develop with levels more than

A

4 meq/L

60
Q

normal chloride levels

A

98-107 mg/dL

61
Q

abnormal chloride levels are usually d/t

A

metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

62
Q

hypochloremia causes

A

congestive heart failure
prolonged diarrhea
chronic lung disease
metabolic alkalosis
laxative use
diuretics
corticosteroids
bicarbonates

63
Q

hypochloremia frequently accompanies

A

hyponatremia

64
Q

hypochloremia manifestations

A

fluid loss
dehydration
weakness
fatigue
difficulty breathing
diarrhea/vomiting
rigid extremities
tetany
tremors/twitching slight
seizures
slow shallow respiration

65
Q

hyperchloremia causes

A

kidney prob
diabetes
severe dehydration
increased salt
respiratory alkalosis

66
Q

hyperchloremia manifestations

A

fatigue
muscle weakness
excessive thirst
dry mucous membrane
high BP
edematous
decreased LOC
rapid blowing respirations to remove acid build up through lungs

67
Q

in hyperchloremia, urine output is closely monitored. t or f.

A

true because pt is treated with diuretics to decrease bp

68
Q

Normal phosphate level

A

3-4.5 mg/dL

69
Q

phosphate has an inverse relationship with

A

calcium

70
Q

high phosphate levels are associated with _____

A

chronic kidney diseases needing phosphate binding medications

71
Q

low levels of phosphate are usually associated with

A

malignancy and hyperparathyroidism

72
Q

good sources of phosphate include

A

dairy, nuts, chicken, pork, organ meats

73
Q

hypophosphatemia causes

A

genetic
hospitalized individuals (fluid loss)
alcoholism
severe burns
diabetic ketoacidosis
faconi syndrome
hyperparathyroidism
chronic diarrhea
vit d deficiency
fanconi syndrome

74
Q

fanconi syndrome

A

disorder of kidney tubule function
excessive glucose, bicarbonate and phosphates, uric acid, potassium

too much excretion –> dec phosphate

75
Q

manifestations of hypophosphatemia

A

muscle weakness
fatigue
bone pain
bone fractures
loss of appetite
irritability
numbness
confusion
slowed growth in children
tooth decay
late baby teeth

76
Q

hyperphosphatemia causes

A

kidney problem
hypoparathyroidism
cell damage
high vitamin D levels
diabetic ketoacidosis
muscle damage
infections

77
Q

hyperphosphatemia manifestations

A

muscle cramps
numbness
tingling around mouth
bone and joint pain
weak bones
rashes
itchy skin

78
Q

normal pH levels

A

7.35-7.45

79
Q

metabolic acidosis causes

A

diabetes
renal insufficiency
diarrhea
diabetic ketoacidosis

80
Q

metabolic acidosis manifestation

A

hyperventilation
deep respiration
weakness
muscular twitches
malaise
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
headache
dry skin
poor skin turgor

may eventually lead to stupor or coma

81
Q

metabolic alkalosis causes

A

excess vomiting, excess diuretics, hypokalemia, peptic ulcer disease, excessive antacids

82
Q

metabolic alkalosis manifestations

A

hypoventilation
depressed respirations
dysrhythmias
prolonged vomiting
weakness
muscle twitching
irritability
agitation
confusion
coma (death)

83
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

increased co2 decrease pH

84
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

decreased co2 increased pH

85
Q

metabolic acidosis ___ hco3, ___ pH

A

decreased HCO3, decreased pH

86
Q

metabolic alkalosis ___ hco3, ___ pH

A

increased hco3, increased pH

87
Q

hypothyroidism due to

A

decreased thyroid gland activity
decreased thyroid releasing hormones
hashimoto’s disease (autoimmune disorder affecting thyroid gland)
antithyroid meds
decreased body function

88
Q

hashimoto’s disease

A

brain fog
goiter
constipation
menstrual changes
fatigue
dry skin
brittle nails

89
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

weight gain
mental and physical lethargy
dry skin and hair
low bp
constipation
cold intolerance
goiter
puffy face
brittle nails
muscle or joint pain
slow heart rate
irregular and heavy periods
depression
dec sweating
may lead to death

90
Q

hypothyroidism red flags

A

exercise intolerance
weakness
apathy
exercise induced myalgia
reduced cardiac output due to low BP

91
Q

hyperthyroidism due to

A

hyperactive thyroid gland
enlarged thyroid
increased thyroxine secretion
grave’s disease
thyroid storm
increased metabolic processes

92
Q

grave’s disease

A

autoimmune disorder that results in overproduction of thyroid hormone
buldging eyes
immune system attacks thyroid gland

93
Q

thyroid storm

A

life threatening health condition associated with untreated hyperthyroidism

inc bp, hr, and body temp

fatal without prompt treatment

94
Q

hyperthyroidism symptoms

A

nervousness and anxiety
hyperreflexia
tremor
hunger
weight loss or gain
short and light periods
fatigue
heat intolerance
palpitations
tachycardia
diarrhea
inc sweating
bulging eyes
nail thickening

95
Q

hyperthyroidism red flags

A

exercise intolerance
fatigue

96
Q

common sx between hyper and hypothyroidism

A

fatigue
insomnia
hair loss

97
Q

addison’s disease

A

decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone

failure of adrenocortical function

98
Q

addison’s disease etiology

A

ion, neoplasm, hemorrhage

99
Q

cushing’s disease

A

decreased production of cortisol by adrenal cortex

excessive glucocorticoids

100
Q

cushing’s disease etiology

A

pituitary tumor

101
Q

addison’s disease signs

A

primary adrenal insufficiency
low cortisol
alopecia
hypoglycemia
low mood
frail and weak
low libido in females
low temp
amenorrhea in females
darkened skin
hypokalemia
st elevation
low bp
fatigue
hyponatremia
salt craving

102
Q

cushing’s disease sign

A

excess cortisol production
moon face (rosy cheeks)
hyperglycemia
truncal obesity
buffalo hump (fat pad on back)
slow wound healing
hirsutism
skin thinning
hypokalemia
high bp
weak bones (osteoporosis)
hypernatremia
purple or red striae

103
Q

addison’s disease = LOW MEASUREMENTS EXCEPT

A

hyperkalemia

104
Q

cushing’s disease = HIGH MEASUREMENTS EXCEPT

A

hypokalemia

105
Q

gaucher’s disease

A

inability to break down a particular fat

accumulates in liver, spleen and bone marrow

pain, bone damage, death

106
Q

signs of gaucher’s disease

A

pathological fracture
hepatomegaly
collapsed vertebrae
bone pain and bone crisis
erlenmeyer flask deformity
splenomegaly
thrombocytopenia
anemia
osteonecrosis
bone marrow infiltration
osteopenia

107
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

genetic
patches seen on arms
pancreas unable to produce enough insulin
develop at young age
cannot be prevented
insulin therapy

108
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance
older age
prevented with lifestyle change

109
Q

both diabetes share common

A

frequent urination
increased thirst
extreme hunger
unintentional weight loss
fatigue
blurry vision
wounds heal slow
numbness and tingling in hands and feet
benefit from lifestyle modifications

110
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

condition can cause production of large amounts of diluted urine from drinking fluid

aka primary polydipsia or dipsogenic diabetes insipidus

damage to thirst regulation in hypothalamus

111
Q

central diabetes insipidus

A

lack of vasopressin
hypotonic urine

112
Q

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

renal resistance to vasopressin
excessive hypotonic urine

113
Q

primary polydipsia

A

excessive fluid intake
excessive hypotonic urine

SpeCon (6 decks)

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