Metabolic Components

Question 1

If pH of solution greater than pKa of ionizing side chain, what is the predominant form of side chain?

Answer 1

The conjugate base of the side chain predominates, it will donate a proton

Question 2

If pH of solution less than pKa of ionizing side chain, what is the predominant form of side chain?

Answer 2

The acid of the side chain predominates

Question 3

How does noncompetitive inhibitors affect K(m) and V(max)?

Answer 3

It decreases V(max)

It does nothing to K(m)

Question 4

How does competitive inhibitors affect K(m) and V(max)?

Answer 4

It increases K(m)

It does nothing to V(max)

Question 5

What does Michaelis constant, K(m), tell us?

Answer 5

When [S] = K(m) then the enzyme has a velocity that is half of V(max)

Question 6

Is an anode a reducing agent or oxidizing agent?

Answer 6

Reducing agent

Question 7

Does oxidation happen at cathode or anode?

Answer 7

Anode

Question 8

Does reduction happen at cathode or anode?

Answer 8

Cathode

Question 9

What is fat stored as?

Answer 9

Triglycerides is in fat cells

Fatty acids and glycerol make up triglycerides and are flowing around in the blood

Question 10

What does the liver use to make glucose?

Answer 10

Glycerol broken down from fat cells (triglycerides)

Question 11

Where is human red blood cells degraded?

Answer 11

Old cells removed from circulatory system and degraded in the spleen

Question 12

Does carbon monoxide have a strong or weak affinity for hemoglobin?

Answer 12

Very strong affinity for the iron atoms in hemoglobin

Question 13

Do enzymes alter the equilibrium of a chemical reaction?

Answer 13

Nope, it only works as a catalyst and increases the rate

Question 14

What type of bond/interaction do substrates usually have with enzymes?

Answer 14

Usually they are non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, and van der Waals interactions

Question 15

What do inhibitors do?

Answer 15

Lower rate that substrate is converted to product

Question 16

What type of reaction does oxidoreductase catalyze?

Answer 16

oxidation-reduction

Question 17

What type of reaction does transferase catalyze?

Answer 17

Transfer of function groups

Question 18

What type of reaction does hydrolase catalyze?

Answer 18

Hydrolytic cleavage using water

Question 19

What type of reaction does lyase catalyze?

Answer 19

Addition of groups to double bonds or the reverse

Question 20

What type of reaction does isomerase catalyze?

Answer 20

Transfer groups within molecules to give isomeric forms

Question 21

What type of reaction does ligase catalyze?

Answer 21

bond formation coupled with ATP, usually condensation of two molecules via ligation reaction

Question 22

What is the difference between hydration and hydrolysis?

Answer 22

Hydration is adding water to a bond. Hydrolysis is using water to break a bond.

Question 23

Does enzymes destabilize or stabilize the transition state?

Answer 23

Stablizes the transition state to lower the barrier to activation, so the rate of reaction can increase

Question 24

What does K(M) tell you? K(M) = Michaelis constant

Answer 24

the lower K(M) value, the higher affinity of the enzyme for its substrate

Question 25

What is turnover number for enzymes?

Answer 25

the number of substrates processed per enzyme per second when the enzyme is completely saturated with substrate. It is equal to k3 aka k(catalytic)

Question 26

Why do lysosomal enzymes have an pH optima close to 5?

Answer 26

So they will be inactive if they get released to the cytoplasm (ph = 7)

Question 27

What is sublimation?

Answer 27

Solid to gas

Question 28

You get calories from?

Answer 28

Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids because they provide energy. NOT from vitamins, minerals, and water.

Question 29

What do scintillation counters and Geiger counters do?

Answer 29

Measure radioactively labeled isotopes

Question 30

Ketone bodies are formed from?

Answer 30

free fatty acids

Question 31

The brain and nervous system relies primarily on what for fuel?

Answer 31

glucose

Question 32

The heart preferentially uses what as fuel?

Answer 32

free fatty acids

Question 33

When are free fatty acids crucial as energy/fuel?

Answer 33

during rest and during exercise