Concepts from Practice Tests

Question 1

Function of acetylcholine?

Answer 1

To stimulate muscle contraction

Question 2

How are organisms classified by taxonomy?

Answer 2

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
King Philip Could Order Fairly Good Soup
Kings Play Chess On Fine Grained Sand

Question 3

What is the difference between amine, imine, amide, imide, and enamine?

Answer 3

Amine is attached NH2
Imine is double bond on NR, like carbonyl but replace O with NR
Amide is carbonyl with NH2
Imide is two carbonyls with NH2 in between
Enamine is like enol but with NH2 instead of OH so it’s double bond on carbon next to NH2

Question 4

What is primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, aromatic amine?

Answer 4

Primary amine means bonded to one carbon (NH2R)
Secondary amine means bonded to two carbons (NHR2)
Tertiary amine means bonded to three carbons (NR3)

Question 5

What happens when you contract your diaphragm?

Answer 5

When the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity expands. The intrapleural pressure (IPP) is consequently decreased (the same amount of gas is contained in a larger volume, so pressure is reduced). As the intrapleural pressure is reduced, the vacuum it creates draws air into the lungs, resulting in inspiration.

Question 6

What is the purpose of the gallbladder?

Answer 6

The gallbladder stores bile acids produced by the liver. Bile acids are released into the duodenum upon activation by digestive enzymes, where they emulsify fats. The emulsification of fats allows them to be digested by pancreatic enzymes. As such, people without gallbladders should limit their consumption of fats, or triglycerides.

Question 7

What is the purpose of the stomach mucosa?

Answer 7

It protects the stomach from acidic pH

Question 8

What happens when there is difficulty in exhalation?

Answer 8

accumulation of CO2 and in the blood, CO2 reacts with water and is converted to carbonic acid (H2CO3),
a strong acid that then dissociates into carbonate (HCO3
–) and hydrogen ions (H+), this lowers pH of the blood leading to respiratory acidosis

Question 9

If there is difficulty in exhalation, what happens to levels of CO2 and O2?

Answer 9

Both would decrease

Question 10

How is the lymphatic system tied to the immune system?

Answer 10

The lymphatic system is a system of capillaries that transports lymph (excess interstitial fluid) back to the cardiovascular circulation. Along the lymphatic vessels are lymph nodes, which contain leukocytes that filter lymph to remove and destroy foreign bodies. When an immune response begins, the lymph nodes become enlarged with leukocytes.

Question 11

What are examples of asexual reproduction?

Answer 11

parthenogenesis, binary fission, budding, and regeneration

Question 12

What are functions of the liver?

Answer 12

The liver is responsible for the storage of glycogen and the release of glucose, the detoxification of chemicals in the body, and the processing of fats. The liver is also responsible for the production of bile salts, which are stored in the gall bladder and released into the digestive tract to digest fats.

Question 13

What does anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 13

The anterior pituitary secretes FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins and GH (FLAT PEG).

Question 14

What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 14

Parathyroid hormone increases osteoclast activity (break down of bone cells) and impairs new bone formation. Deficiency of parathyroid hormone will cause hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium levels) due to the inability to break down bone to form and release calcium in the blood.

Question 15

What is the function of vitamin D in relation (focusing on calcium component)?

Answer 15

Vitamin D acts on the small intestine, stimulating the absorption of calcium. Vitamin D stimulates uptake of calcium by the small intestine, raising the blood calcium concentration. It enhances the action of parathyroid hormone, which decreases calcium uptake
by bone and increases calcium levels in the blood.

Question 16

What is the function of calcitonin?

Answer 16

Calcitonin acts to decrease blood calcium levels (remember that calciTONin TONes down calcium). When blood calcium levels are high, bone resorption is decreased to decrease calcium levels. As such, we can predict that the concentration of calcitonin in blood would increase only when the levels of calcium are too high.

Question 17

What is calcium in the body used for?

Answer 17

Calcium is used primarily in the formation of bones, the release of neurotransmitters from the nerve terminal, and the contraction of muscles.

Question 18

What is an initial effect of a blood clot forming on the venous side of a capillary bed?

Answer 18

New fluid flow out of the capillary bed and into the interstitial spaces will increase. This is because if there is a blockage in the venous side, then blood will accumulate in the capillary bed and hydrostatic pressure would build up and cause a net flow of fluid out of the capillaries.

Question 19

What is a characteristic that arteries, veins, and capillaries all have?

Answer 19

They all have a layer of endothelial cells?

Question 20

Tissue that is active metabolically like skeletal muscle will probably have a lot of what?

Answer 20

Blood capillaries because those tissues probably need a lot of oxygen and produce a lot of waste product so they need capillaries to provide oxygen and remove waste.

Question 21

Does bone resorption increase or decrease bone mass?

Answer 21

Decrease bone mass. Bone formation is the one that increases bone mass.

Question 22

Why are oligonucleotides like mRNA degraded rapidly in the cell?

Answer 22

This prevents continuous protein production and allows the cell to change its protein expression over time.

Question 23

What is the purpose of having hair standing on its end on skin?

Answer 23

Hair on mammals help regulate body temperature by reducing the amount of heat lost to the environment. Therefore, hair provides insulation and it’s insulating effects are even more effective when they are standing on their ends.

Question 24

Why doesn’t the body’s immune system attack tissues from its own body?

Answer 24

The body does not attack itself because, during the maturation process, T-cell receptors and antibodies
that attack the self-antigens are eliminated. For example, when T-cells mature in the thymus, the thymus destroys
any T-cells that react to self-antigens.

Question 25

Where in the circulatory system is pressure lowest?

Answer 25

We should know that capillaries will have the lowest blood pressure, in order to decrease the speed at which blood travels and facilitate the diffusion of gases and nutrients between the blood and the tissues. Since pressure is a
simple ratio of force to area, blood pressure can be thought of as the force with which the blood is pushing against
the walls of the blood vessels divided by the area of the walls of the vessels. As arteries branch into arterioles,
which in turn branch into capillaries, the total area that the blood is passing through increases. Thus, the number of capillaries is much higher than the number of arterioles or arteries, increasing the total area. By increasing the area over which a force is distributed, the pressure decreases.

Question 26

Why are antibodies ineffective against fighting bacteria in the stomach?

Answer 26

Antibody proteins may be denatured in the harsh environment of the stomach.Antibodies are simply proteins, and protein activity is affected by pH and temperature.

Question 27

Where are proteins digested?

Answer 27

In the stomach with pepsinogen which turns to pepsin in acidic pH and hydrolyzes proteins

Question 28

Where are lipids digested?

Answer 28

Lipids are digested only in the duodenum (small intestine).

Question 29

Where are polysaccharides digested?

Answer 29

Polysaccharides are digested in the duodenum (by enzymes such as amylase) and in the mouth (by salivary amylase, also known as ptyalin)

Question 30

What cell process is important for regeneration of the liver?

Answer 30

Mitosis

The liver is composed of somatic cells. All somatic cells in the human body reproduce through mitosis