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RDAF2315 > MET2315 > Flashcards

MET2315 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the measurement of Wind (Direction and Strenght)?

A

Degrees / Knots (kt)

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2
Q

What is the measurement of Horizontal Visability/RVR?

A

Kilometers (km) / Meters (m)

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3
Q

What is the measurement of Vertical Visability and Cloud Base?

A

Feet (ft)

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4
Q

What is the measurement of Cloud Coverage?

A

Octas (?/8)

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5
Q

What is the measurement of Pressure

A

Hectopascal (hPa)

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6
Q

What is the measurement of Temperature?

A

Degrees Celsius (C)

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7
Q

What is the measurement of Relative Humidity / Dew Point

A

Degrees Celsius (C)

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8
Q

What is the measurement of Precipitation?

A

Intensity (Light / Medium / Heavy)

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9
Q

What is the measurement of Density?

A

Gram/Kilogram per Cubic Meter (g/m3 — kg/m3)

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10
Q

What is the most upper MET institution named, and how many exists?

A

World Area Forecast Centre (WAFC) - 2- Placed in London and Washington

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11
Q

What does the abbreviation “VAAC” stand for, and how many exists?

A

Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre - 9 -

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12
Q

What does the abbreviation “NOTAM” stand for?

A

NOtice To AirMen

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13
Q

What does the abbreviation “MWO” stand for?

A

Meteorological Watch Office

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14
Q

Who has the MWO responsibility in DNK FIR?

A

DMI

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15
Q

What does the abbreviation “AMWO” stand for?

A

Aerodrome and Meteorological Watch Office

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16
Q

What is a “METAR”, and what information does it provide?

A

METAR = Meteorological Aerodrome Report
Provides:
- Wind speed/direction
- Visibility
- Weather
- Clouds
- Temperature
- Dew Point
- Atmospheric Pressure
- (Remarks)

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17
Q

What is a “TAF”, and what information does it provide?

A

TAF = Terminal Area Forecast
Provides the same information as a METAR, and states the expected meteorological conditions at an airport during a specified period

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18
Q

How much cloud cover is present when FEW clouds are reported?

A

1-2 Octas

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19
Q

How much cloud cover is present when SCT (Scattered) clouds are reported?

A

3-4 Octas

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20
Q

How much cloud cover is present when BKN (Broken) clouds are reported?

A

5-7 Octas

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21
Q

How much cloud cover is present when OVC (Overcast) clouds are reported?

A

8 Octas

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22
Q

What does the abbreviation “VV” stand for?

A

Vertical Visibility

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23
Q

What conditions needs to be met, in order to have CAVOK?

A

Ceiling and Visibility OK
- Visibility is 10km or more
- No CB or TCU’s
- No Cloud below 5000ft or Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA) (Whichever is greatest)
- No significant weather at or in the vicinity of the aerodrome

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24
Q

What does the abbreviation “NSC” stand for?

A

No Significant Clouds

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25
Q

What does the abbreviation “AWOS” stand for?

A

Automated Weather Observation System

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26
Q

What equipment is used to measure Wind?

A

Anemometer

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27
Q

What equipment is used to measure Visibility (and RVR)?

A

Transmissometer
Scattermeters

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28
Q

What equipment is used to measure Clouds?

A

Ceilometer

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29
Q

What equipment is used to measure Temperature?

A

Temperature Sensors

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30
Q

What equipment is used to measure Dew Point?

A

Hygrometer

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31
Q

What equipment is used to measure Atmospheric Pressure?

A

Pressure Sensors
Barometers

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32
Q

What is a Weather Radar used for?

A

To locate precipitation, calculate its motion and estimate its type and intensity

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33
Q

What does the abbreviation “AFTN” stand for?

A

Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network

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34
Q

What are the three states, in which water occurs?

A

Solid
Liquid
Vapour

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35
Q

How many “Spheres” exists, and what are they named?

A

5
- Troposphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
- Exosphere

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36
Q

What is characterised by a “pause”? (opposing a “sphere”)

A

A “pause” is present when the temperature remains the same in a height band

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37
Q

What is characterised in the Troposphere?

A

The Troposphere contains 99% of all our waters (Airborne)

38
Q

Is the Troposhere is perfect circle? If yes, why, if no, why not?

A

No, the Troposphere is Oval - This is because, the warm air around ecuator has a lower density, and therefore is bigger by volume than the colder air at the poles.

39
Q

What is characterised in the troposphere, with regards to temperature?

A

The Temperature decreases

40
Q

What is characterised in the stratosphere, with regards to temperature, and why?

A

The Temperature increases, because the OZON in the statosphere absorbs some of the suns radiation

41
Q

What are the 5 things we measure in the atmosphere?

A

Temperature
Pressure
Wind
Humidity
Density

42
Q

What is QNH?

A

Qurry Nautical Height
The atmospheric pressure at Mean Sea Level (MSL)
INDICATED ALTITUDE

43
Q

What is QFE?

A

Qurry Field Elevation
The atmospheric pressure at the aerodrome/airport
INDICATED HEIGHT

44
Q

What is the equation of Pressure?

A

Pressure = Depth * Density

45
Q

At which heights and by how many feet, does the atmospheric pressure decrease with 1 hPa

A

1 hPa = 100ft at 40.000ft - up
1 hPa = 50ft at 20.000ft - 40.000ft
1 hPa = 30ft at MSL - 20.000ft

46
Q

What are the 6 ISA values?

A

MSL Pressure = 1013,25 hPa
Base Temperature = 15 Degrees Celsius
Density = 1,225kg/m3
No Water Vapour (No relative humidity)
Pressure Lapse Rate = 1 hPa pr 27 ft
Temperature Lapse Rate = 1,98 Degrees Celsius pr 1000 ft

47
Q

What is the “thumb rule” in regards to converstion between Celsius and Fahrenheit and vice versa?

A

Celsius to Fahrenheit:
Multiply the temperature by 2 and then add 30

Fahrenheit to Celsius:
Subtract 30 from the temperature and divide by 2

48
Q

What are the 3 ways of which heat is transfered within the Atmosphere?

A
  • Radiation: Transfer of heat between bodies that are not in contact
  • Conduction: Transfer of heat between bodies in contact, but without movement
  • Convection: Transfer of heat by vertical movement
49
Q

What is terrestrial radiation?

A

The lower frequency energy emitted by the earth

50
Q

What is Diurnal variation?

A

Change in the air temperature that occurs from day to night.
Is in direct connection with solar and terrestrial radiation

51
Q

What is Seasonal variation?

A

The Earth is tilted 23.50 degrees. This influences the different hemispheres, in regard to their relative position to the sun.

52
Q

What is Latitudinal variation?

A

With an increase in latitude either north or south of the equator, the temperature decreases. This is caused by a decreased amount of sunlight received at/towards the poles

53
Q

What is Vertical Variation?

A

The temperature normally decreases with height increasing throughout the troposphere

54
Q

What is an Inversion?

A

When the temperature increases as the height increases

55
Q

What is an Isothermal Layer?

A

When the temperature remains the same, although the height is increased

56
Q

Which METAR abbreviations are used for:
- Snow
- Rain
- Fog
- Drizzle
- Thunderstorm
- Volcanic Ash

A
  • Snow = SN
  • Rain = RA
  • Fog = FG
  • Drizzle = DZ
  • Thunderstorm = TS
  • Volcanic Ash = VA
57
Q

Which METAR abbreviations are used for Hail?

A

GR/GS
GR = Hail above a certain diameter (Bigger Hail)
GS = Hail below a certain diameter (Smaller Hail)

58
Q

What METAR abbreviation are used for Mist?

A

BR

59
Q

What METAR abbreviation are used for Sandstorm?

A

SS/DS
SS = Larger Sandstorms
DS = Smaller Sandstorms

60
Q

Which METAR abbreviations are used for Ice Pellets?

A

PL/SG

61
Q

What is the term used, in regards to the heat required to cause a change in state (eg. liquid water -> Water vapour)

A

Latent heat

62
Q

What happens to the Relative Humidity, when the Temperature of Air increases?

A

The Relative Humidity decreases, as warmer air can contain a greater amount of water vapour

63
Q

What is Saturation?

A

Saturation means, that the air is holding its maximum quantity of water (AKA 100% Relative Humidity)
The temperature at which this occurs is also known as the “Dew Point”

64
Q

What are the four ways, that air can be cooled below its Dew Point?

A
  • Conduction
  • Evaporation
  • Mixing
  • Adiabatic Cooling
65
Q

What happens, when the air Condensates?

A

The saturated air is cooled and the water vapour content will be too great, and therefore visible droplets will appear
This is the process by which clouds are formed

66
Q

What is Sublimation?

A

Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid state to the gas state. This occurs without passing the liquid state.

67
Q

How is Relative Humidity defined?

A

Relative Humidity, is a measurement of the amount of water vapour present in the air, relative to how much is required to cause saturation at that temperature
(A procentage of how much water is actually in the atmosphere, compared to how much water the atmosphere can actually hold)

68
Q

Is the Relative Humidity higher at day or night and why?

A

At night. During the night, the temperature drops, which means, that the air has a lower amount of potential water vapour.

69
Q

What factor is present, when the air is considered to be Unstable?

A

The air moves vertically up

70
Q

What factor is present, when the air is considered to be Stable?

A

The air remains at the same level or moves down

71
Q

What happens to airs density, as pressure decreases?

A

The density decreases as well

72
Q

What happens to airs density, as temperature increases?

A

The density decreases

73
Q

What happens to airs density, as moisture increases?

A

The density decreases

74
Q

What is adiabatic cooling?

A

Adiabatic cooling happens as the box of air rises vertically. The volume of the box increases, therefore the temperature (energy) within the box decreases

75
Q

What is adiabatic warming?

A

Adiabatic warming happens as the box of air falls vertically. The volume of the box decreases, therefore the temperature (energy) within the box increases

76
Q

What is the value of Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate?

A

3 degrees celsius per 1000ft

77
Q

What is the value of Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate?

A

1,5 degrees celsius per 1000ft

78
Q

What is ELR an abbreviation for?

A

Environmental Lapse Rate

79
Q

What defines Absolute Stability?

A

When the ELR is less than both DALR and SALR

80
Q

What defines Conditional Instability?

A

When the ELR lies between the DALR and the SALR

81
Q

What defines Absolute Instability?

A

When the ELR is greater than both the SALR and DALR

82
Q

What is frontal lifting?

A

When two large areas of air with markedly different temperatures meet, it’s called a “front”.
Cold air undercuts the warmer air, forcing it to rise.

83
Q

What is Orographic Lifting?

A

When geographical features (eg mountains) causes the air to rise, as it will want to pass over them
What happens to the air afterwards, depends upon the stability of the air

84
Q

What is Thermal Convergence?

A

The surface is heated by the sun, which warms the air, causing it to rise. The pressure at ground level drops, and air converges from the surrounding to equalise the pressure drop

85
Q

What is Thermal Turbulence?

A

Produced by unequal surface heating. Most common at the boundary between land and sea, when cold air is blown from the sea over the warmer land, it causes Thermal Turbulence.

86
Q

What is Mechanical Turbulence?

A

When the air hits a “rough” surface. Eg when air passes big rocks, buildings or uneven hills, the flow of the air is disturbed and causes Mechanical Turbulence
The intensity depends on:
- The strength of the surface wind
- The stability of the air
- The nature of the ground

87
Q

What are the 3 “dangerous” H’s?

A
  • Heat
  • Humid
  • Height (Altitude)
88
Q

How is an Air Mass defined in meteorology?

A

An Air Mass is a volume of air defined by its temperature and water vapour content

89
Q

Which 6 classifications can an Air Mass have?

A
  • Polar
  • Tropical
  • Arctic
  • Equatorial
  • Maritime
  • Continental
90
Q

What is an area of High Pressure called?

A

Anticyclone

91
Q

What is an area of Low Pressure called?

A

Cyclone / Depression

92
Q

What is a “Wind Shear”?

A

A sudden change in wind direction and strength

RDAF2315 (5 decks)

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