MESSER VIDEOS ROUND 2 Flashcards
OSI Model
Layer 7 Application
Layer 6 Presentation
Layer 5 Session
Layer 4 Transport
Layer 3 Network
Layer 2 Data Link
Layer 1 Physical
Layer 1 Components
Cables
Fiber
The actual signal itself
Layer 2
Frame
MAC Address
Switch
Layer 3
IP Address
Routers
Packets
Layer 4
TCP Segments
UDP Datagrams
Layer 5
Control Protocols
Tunneling Protocols
Layer 6
Encryption SSL/TLS
MTU
- Maximum transmittable without fragmenting an IP packet
- 1500 bytes
Star Topology
Hub and spoke
All devices are connected to a central device
Ring Topology
Used in MANs and WANs
- Dual rings
- Built in fault tolerance
Bus Topology
Used in early LANs
Simple but prone to errors
Bus Topology
Simple but prone to errors
Mesh Topology
- Multiple links to the same place
- Provides redundancy, fault tolerance, load balancing
Hybrid Topology
A combo of one or more topologies
Wireless Topology
Infrastructure
- All devices communicate through an AP
Ad Hoc
- No pre existing infrastructure
- Devices communicate amongst themselves
Peer to Peer Network
- All devices are both clients and servers
- Easy to deploy
- Low cost
-Difficult to secure / administer
Peer to Peer Network
- Devices are both clients and servers
- Easy to deploy
- Low cost
- Difficult to secure / administer
Client Server Network
- Clients connect to a central server
- No client to client communication
LAN
- Local Area Network
- Ethernet and 802.11 wireless
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network
WAN
Wide Area Network
Connects LANs across long distances
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
Expand coverage with APs
PAN
Personal Area Network
Bluetooth, IR, NFC
CAN
Campus Area Network
CAN
Campus Area Network
NAS
Network Attached Storage
Shared storage device on the network
File level access
SAN
Storage Area Network
Looks and feels like a local storage device
Block level access
MPLS
Multiprotocol Label Switching
Packets through the WAN have labels
Any transport medium, any protocol inside
mGRE / DMVPN
Multipoint Generic Routing Encapsulation
Used with dynamic multipoint VPN
Remote sites communicate directly to each other, tunnels are built dynamically (Dynamic Mesh)
SD-WAN
Software defines WAN
Cloud based applications communicate directly to the cloud, no need to hop to a central point
Demarcation Point
Physical location that designates the connection point between the internal network and the providers network
SmartJack
A network interface unit that allows providers to remote in and troubleshoot
NFV
Network Function Virtualization
Replace physical network devices with virtual versions (quick and easy deployment)
Same functionality as a physical device (Routing, switching, firewall, load balancing)
Hypervisor
Virtual machine manager
Manages CPU, networking, security
Single console control (one screen controls everything)
vSwitch
Virtual Switch
Functionality is the same as a physical switch
- Forwarding options
- Link aggregation
- Port mirroring
vNIC
Virtual Network Interface Card
Configured and connected through the hypervisor
ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Uses telephone lines
Download speed is faster than upload speed
Cable Broadband
Coaxial cable transmission across multiple frequencies
Different traffic types (Television, internet connectivity, voice)
Fiber
Uses light to transmit data
High speed/cost, long distance
Metro Ethernet
Connect sites with Ethernet in a MAN
Provider network is usually fiber
Metro Ethernet
Connect sites with Ethernet in a MAN
Provider uses fiber
Twisted Pair Copper Cabling
Four pairs of wires with equal and opposite signals
Transmit+ Transmit-
Receive+ Receive-
RJ-45 or RJ-11
Coaxial Cabling
RG-6
Used in television / internet / voice
Twinaxial Cabling
Two inner conductors instead of one
Common on 10gig Ethernet and SFP+
T568B
Orange white
Orange
White green
Blue
White blue
Green
White brown
Brown
T568A
White green
Green
Orange white
Blue
White blue
Orange
White brown
Brown
Fiber Communication
Transmission by light
No RF signal so it’s very difficult to monitor/tap
Slow signal degradation
Immune to radio interference (No RF)
Multimode Fober
Short range communication, up to 2km
Inexpensive light source LED
Single Mode Fiber
Long range communication up to 100km
Expensive light source Laser
Fiber Connectors
LC - two tips, one for send and one for receive, small
Straight Tip - Twists in
Subscriber Connector - square connector with a locking mechanism
MT-RJ - Two strands of fiber in it, Smallest connector
UPC and APC Connectors
UPC = Ultra Polished Connector, high return loss
APC = Angle Polished Connector, low return loss
RJ-11 Connector
Telephone and DSL connections
RJ-45 Connector
Ethernet
F-Connector / RG6
Cable television/modem
Media Converter
Operates at Layer 1
Converts signals of one type to another (Copper to fiber to back to copper)
Media Converter
Converts signal of one type to another
Ex: Ethernet to fiber, then back to Ethernet
Transceiver
Provides a modular interface
Ex: SFP module
Bi-Directional Transceivers
Traffic in both direction with a single strand of fiber
Uses two different wavelengths
SFP
Provides 1Gb/a fiber or Ethernet
SFP
Provides 1 Gb/s fiber or Ethernet
SFP+
Supports speeds up to 16 Gb/s, making it perfect for 10Gb/s Ethernet
SFP+
Provides speeds up to 16Gb/s making it perfect for 10Gb Ethernet
QSFP
Combines 4 SFPs into a single transceiver
Ex: QSFP+ is 40Gb/s
SFP+ is 4Gb/s
100BASE-TX
100 mb/s
100m max distance
Cat5 minimum
1000BASE-T
1 Gb/s
100m max distance
Minimum Cat5, but everyone uses Cat5e now
10GBASE-T
10 Gb/s
Cat6 (Unshielded 55m
Shielded 100m) or Cat6a (100m both shielded and unshielded)
40GBASE-T
40 Gb/s
Cat8
Up to 30m
100BASE-FX
100 mb/s Ethernet over fiber
Uses lasers as a light source
400m half duplex
2km full duplex
100BASE-SX
100 mb/s Ethernet over fiber
Uses LEDs as a light source
300m max distance
1000BASE-SX
Gigabit Ethernet over fiber
Uses a laser as a light source
220m-550m
Short wavelength laser
1000BASE-LX
Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber
550m over multimode
5km over single mode
Long wavelength laser
10GBASE-SR
10 gigabit Ethernet over fiber
Multimode
“Short Range”
Multimode
26m-400m
10GBASE-LR
10 gigabit Ethernet over fiber
“Long Range”
Single mode
10km max range
WDM
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Bidirectional communication over a single strand of fiber
Uses different wavelengths for each carrier
CWDM
Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
4 carriers at 4 different wavelengths
DWDM
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Up to 160 signals
IPv4 Loopback Address
127.0.0.1 - 127.255.255.254
DHCP
Provides the automatic assignment of IP addresses for almost all devices
UDP 67 (Server side)
UDP 68 (Client Side)
APIPA Address
169.254.0.1 - 169.254.254.255
Unicast
One devices sends information to another device
1:1 communication
Broadcast
Send information to everyone at once
Broadcast Domain = The range of the broadcast, usually your local subnet
IPv4
Multicast
Sends information to only interested devices
IPv6
Anycast
Multiple devices can have the same Anycast address
Will send data only to the closest device with that address
IPv6
