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History Grade 11 > Mesopotamia > Flashcards

Mesopotamia Flashcards

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1
Q

Benefits of Geography: The Rivers

A

Along banks of Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
- Fishing
- Irrigation
- Watercraft
- Trade
- Expansion
- Access to shells/reeds
- Flooding provided nutrients for soil
- Access to clay
- Bathing & drinking water

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2
Q

Benefits of Geography

A
  • Stable food source led to = growth in population
  • Mountains & deserts provided protection
  • Mediterranean Sea = eventual access to other civilizations for trade
    - Source of salt
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3
Q

Drawbacks of geographical region: Floods

A

Floods were irregular
- Damage to housing/crops
- Droughts
- Water management issues

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4
Q

Drawbacks of geographical region

A
  • Extremes in climate
  • Isolated bc of mnts & desert
    - Hinder communication = flow of new ideas
  • Limited supply of resources
    - Trees/timber + Stone
  • Dangerous flora (plants) & fauna (animals)
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5
Q

Hanging Gardens of Babylon: FOR

A
  • Physically possible - had the technology
  • After conquering - names got confused
    - Nineveh - New Babylon
  • Scholar in ancient Mesopotamian languages spent 20 yrs researching + found evidence
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6
Q

Hanging Gardens of Babylon: AGAINST

A
  • Used a lot of water and effort from ppl
  • No proof in tablets of that time
  • No actual evidence in the area that was Babylon
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7
Q

The Sail

A
  • A larger cloth caught more wind
    - Helped one navigate the rivers more easily +
    faster
  • Important in trade
    - Waterways were the preferred route
  • Difficult + slower-going making one’s way upriver against the current than down
    - Replaced rowers
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8
Q

Writing (cuneiform)

A

2800 BCE:
- Pictograms - symbols/pictures
- To monitor trade not record history
- Sharpened reads on wet clay = tablets

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9
Q

Chariot

A

3000 BCE:
- Drove a team of animals
- For ceremonies + military = not regular use

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10
Q

Hydraulic Engineering

A
  • Irrigation - water farm fields
  • Dams - to prevent flooding
    - Material: Clay + reeds
  • Gates to regulate flow
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11
Q

Plough

A
  • For farming
  • Came w/ manual
    - But average person couldn’t read
  • Said prayers to protect grain from being eaten
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12
Q

Mass-produced bricks

A
  • Clay
  • Put together on large scale
  • Not as durable as stone but built cities
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13
Q

Religion: Basic Ideas

A
  • Most gods conceived in human terms
    - human/Humanlike forms, male/female,
    intercourse, react w/ reason + emotion,
    unpredictable, need food + drink, housing,
    + care
  • Gods lived life of ease + slumber
  • Humankind was created to ease their burden + provide daily care and food
  • God’s rage + vengeance = illness + death
  • Gods were feared + admired NOT loved
  • Believed in the Underworld
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14
Q

Gods Associates With…

A
  • Astral phenomena: sun, moon, stars
  • Forces of nature: winds, fresh + ocean waters
  • Real animals: lions, bulls, wild oxen
  • Imagined creatures: dragons
  • Cities
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15
Q

Worship

A
  • Great gods of the pantheon were worshiped by priests at rituals in cultic centres
  • Ordinary ppl had NO contact w/ deities
    - Worshiped personal gods
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16
Q

Demons

A
  • Good OR Evil
  • Includes the angry ghosts of the dead or spirits associated w/ storms
  • Represented as hybrid human-animal creatures
  • Evil demons = agents of the gods sent to carry out divine orders
    - EX. punishment for sins
    - attack = bring disease, death, etc.
  • Some gods protected against demonic scourges
  • Rituals + magic used to ward off both present & future demonic attacks + counter misfortune
17
Q

Changes in Beliefs

A
  • political events influenced the makeup of the pantheon
  • Sumerian texts listed approx. 3600 deities
  • as Amorite dynasties arose, older sumeriam deities were absorbed into the pantheon of Semitic-speaking ppls
  • End of the 2nd millenium: Babylon creation story refers to 300 gods = associating Semitic gods w/ political supremacy
  • 2000BCE: Babylonians numbered gods (60 - most important)
18
Q

Statues of Gods

A
  • made out of wood, covered w/ overleaf of gold, + adorned w/ decorated garments
    - The chests, property of the gods, filled w/
    gold rings, pendents, rosettes, stars
  • Statues weren’t thought to be gods but just imbued w/ the divine presence
  • Being humanlike, they were washed, dressed, given food + drink, + provided w/ adorned be chambers
19
Q

Symbols/Emblems of Gods

A
  • Dagger of Ashur or the net of Enlil –> used in oath-taking to confirm a declaration
  • Sin, the moon God, had a crescent moon
  • Ishtar, goddess of heaven, was represented by a rosette, star, or lion

History Grade 11 (7 decks)

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