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History Grade 11 > Ancient Egypt > Flashcards

Ancient Egypt Flashcards

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1
Q

Benefits of the Nile River

A

Very narrow band of fertile land in the Nile Valley
Nile RIver - 6000+km long
- Irrigation
- Drinking and bathing
- fertile soil
- fish
- trade - connects to mediterranen sea
- water transportation

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2
Q

4 clear geographical zones

A
  • The Delta
  • The Western Desert
  • The Eastern Desert
  • The Nile Valley
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3
Q

kemet

A

“black land”
Denotes the rish, fertile land of the Nile Valley

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4
Q

deshret

A

“red land”
Refers to the hot, dry desert

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5
Q

Seasons

A

Akhet - Nile’s inundation
Peret - growing season
Shemu - harvest season

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6
Q

Floodplain of the Nile Delta

A
  • Ppl constructed towns, cemeteries on turtlebacks
    - Turtlebacks: Natural highpoints in the
    landscape –> became island during the
    flood
  • Entry points into the Levant –> important area for trade + international contacts
    - Very multicultural region throughout
    Egyptian history
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7
Q

Dry climate

A
  • Ideal location for cemeteries
  • Annual flood wouldn’t disturb graves
  • Dry climate preserved tombs + their contents
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8
Q

Ink

A
  • Mixed vegetable gum, soot, + bee wax –> black ink
  • Replaced soot w/ other materials to create diff ink colours
    - EX. red ochre
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9
Q

Calendar

A
  • Revolves around the yearly cycle of the Nile bc the river was predictable
  • tied into farming = divided into 3 seasons
  • each season 4 months –> 1m = 30 days –> 360 days/yr
  • added 5 designated holidays to honor the children of the gods
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10
Q

Toothpaste

A
  • Contained powdered ox hooves, ashes, burnt eggshells, + pumice
  • Another recipe contained rock salt, mint, dried iris flower, +grains of pepper
    - Came w/ an “advertisement” promising
    “powder for white + perfect teeth”
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11
Q

Writing

A
  • Earliest form: Hierogliphics
    - Combined logographics, syllabic, +
    alphabetic elements
    - Some 1000 characters
  • Later, hieratic + demotic Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphics
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12
Q

papyrus sheets

A
  • often combined in scrolls
  • tough interior = durable sheets
  • time consuming process = closely guarded secret bc of trade
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13
Q

Basic Beliefs

A
  • Afterlife = duplication of the best moments on earth
  • death = beginning
  • preparation for Afterlife - body preserved in a life like form + deceased provided w/ possessions necessary for eternity
    - varied on social class
  • Book of the Dead led them to where they will be judged - negative confessions
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14
Q

Terminology
- ka
- ba
- akh
- ma’at

A
  • KA: Spiritual duplicate of each human
  • BA: Non-physical element unique to each person (personality)
  • AKH: Transformed mummy that will enter the afterlife
  • MA’AT: Order, truth, + justice — qualities from the beginning of existence
    • Live by ma’at = achieve harmony w/ gods +
      afterlife
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15
Q

OG Gods & goddesses

A
  • Atum: Creator god (“the perfect one”)
  • Shu: god of air
  • Tefenet: goddess of moisture
  • Geb: god of earth
  • Nut: goddess of the sky + represented the heaven
  • Amon: local got of Thebes
  • Gods of death: Horus, Anubis, Thoth, Osiris
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16
Q

Mummification Process

A
  1. brain removed
  2. remove major organs except heart
  3. liver, lungs, stomach, + intestines cleaned + dried, put into jars
  4. Body washed in oils $ spices + mouth & nose stuffed w/ linen + eyelids w/ linen or onions
  5. body wrapped in layers of linen coated w/ resins + oils
17
Q

Symbols
- heart
- ankh
- wdjet eye
- djed pillar

A
  • heart: seat of intelligence + ka’s bodily home
  • ankh: symbol of life
  • wdjet eye: protects from evil spirits
  • djed pillar: strength + stability
18
Q

Funerals

A
  • Lengthy + elaborate
  • Loud mourning
  • Mummification process lasts 70 days
  • Mummy lowered into grave through roof = no entrance
  • structure of grave roofed over
19
Q

Blue Nile

A
  • Inundation or annual flood
  • provides most of the river’s water + silt
20
Q

Geb + Nut’s kids

A

1st unit of the divine hierarchy of gods
- Oriris: god of vegetation along the Nile
- Seth: god of the desert
- Isis: protector of children + goddess of fertility
- Nephthys: goddess of the dead

History Grade 11 (7 decks)

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