Mesa Flashcards
3 outcomes of acute inflammation
resolution
scar
chronic inflammation
first step in inflammation
vasodilation
vasodilation –>
increased vascular permeability
increased vascular permeability –>
leakage of exudate
leakage of exudate –>
margination, rolling, adhesion
margination, rolling, adhesion –>
transmigration/diapedesis
transmigration/diapedesis –>
chemotaxis
chemotaxis –>
PMN activation
PMN activation –>
phagocytosis
- recognition, attachment, engulfment, killing (degradation and digestion)
phagocytosis –>
termination
main cell in acute inflammation
neutrophil/polymorphonuclear leukocyte/PMN
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
rubor calor tumor dolor functio laesa
leukocyte activation means
produce eicosanoids (part of cell membranes: prosaglanding/thromboxanes, leukotrienes, lipoxins)
undergo degranulation
secrete cytokines
histamine from
mast cells and basophils
histamine function
powerful vasodilator
serotonin from
platelets and enterochromaffin cells
serotinin function
vasodilation
evokes NO synthase from arginine
bradykinin
from circulating plasma
increase permeability, non vascular smooth muscle contration (bronchail), PAIN
prostaglandins produce
pain
fever
clotting
leukotrienes function
chemotaxis
vasoconstriction
increased permeability
lipoxins function
inhibit chemotaxis
vasodilation
counteract leukotrienes
PAF
platelet activating factor
from many cells
active platelets
vasoconstrict/bronchoconstrict
chemokines are
small proteins which are attractants for PMNs
cytokines are
proteins produced primarily by lymphocytes and macrophages, mediate inflammatory and immune reactions
nitric oxide is a
vasodilator
cells of chronic inflammation
lymphocytes and macrophages
causes of caseating granulomas
mycobacteria, syphilis, some fungi
causes of non-caseating granulomas
sarcoidosis, leprosy, Crohn’s
differentiation is key concept in
neoplasia
gain of specialization, loss of versatility
unidrectional
EGF made in
platelets and macrophages
EGF present in
saliva, milk, urine, plasma
EGF acts on
keratinocytes to migrate/divide
fibroblasts to produce granulation tissue
TGF - alpha made in
macrophages, T-cells, keratinocytes
TGF - alpha effects
similar to EGF
also effect hepatocytes
HGF made in
mesenchymal cells
VEGF made in
mesenchymal cells
VEGF triggered by
hypoxia
VEGF functions
increases vascular permeability
mitogenic for endothelial cells
key in promoting granulation tissue
PDGF made in
platelets and may other cell types
PDGF function
chemotactic for many cells
mitogen for fibroblasts
angiogenesis
key player in granulation tissue
FGF made in
many cell
FGF functions
chemotactic and mitogenic for fiibroblasts and keratinocytes
re-epithelialization
angiogensis,wound contraction
hematopoiesis
TGF-beta made in
many cells including macrophages
TGF-beta functions
stimulates migration/proliferation of fibroblasts
increases collagen synthesis
contraction of scar
limit and terminate inflammatory responses
KGF made in
fibroblasts
KGF function
stimulates keratinocyte migration, proliferation, differentiation
IGF made in
macrophages, fibroblasts
IGF stimulates
sulfated proteoglycans
collagen
keratinocyte migration
fibroblast proliferation
action similar to GH
TNF made in
macrophages, mast cells, T cells
TNF functions
activates macrophages (cachexin)
key influence on other cytokines
major TNF in TNFa
interleukins made in
macrophages, mast cells, T cells and many other cells
interleukin function
chemotaxis
angiogenesis
regulation of other cytokines
interferons made in
macrophages, fibroblasts
interferon functions
active macrophages
inhibit fibroblasts
regulate other cytokines
trigger defense mechanisms
collagen one
bONE
collagen two
carTWOlage
collagen three
reTHREEculate (reticular fibers)
collagen four
FLOOR
forms basement membrane (important in kidney)
angiogenesis stimulated/regulated by
VEGF
