Meow Flashcards
Personality psychologists
Study personal traits and processes that explain why individuals may act diff in a given situation
Fundamental attribution error
When analyzing others behavior, the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of situation.
- more likely when stranger acts bad
- has real life and social consequences
Neapolitan and colleagues(1979)
Attributed behavior of other to personal traits, even when they were told that behavior was part of an experimental situation
When does attitude influence behavior most?
When…
- external influences are minimal
- the attitude is stable
- that attitude is specific to the behavior
- the attitude is easily recalled
Foot in the door phenomenon
- ppl agreeing to to a small request will find it easier to later agree to a larger one
- works positively and negatively
Cognitive dissonance: relief from tension
- we act to reduce the discomfort( dissonance) we feel when 2 of our thoughts (cognitions) clash
- through this we often bring attitudes into line with our actions
- changing our Behavior can change how we think about others and how we feel about ourselves
Conformity and obedience
- conformity: adjusting out behavior or thinking toward some group standard
-chartland and colleagues
•demonstrated chameleon effect with college students
• automatic mimicry helps people to empathize
• the more we mimic the greater out empathy and the more ppl like us
Ppl are Likely to conform when
- feel incompetent or insecure
- the rest of their group agrees
- admire groups status and atteactiveness
- have not committed to any response
- know that others in group with observe behavior
- culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
- if one person disagrees, that all will
Obedience and milgram
- milgram investigates effects of punishment on learning
- more than 60% followed orders
According to milgram, when is obedience the highest
- person giving orders is close and perceived as a real authority figure
- authority figure is supported but we’ll know institution
- victim was depersonalized or at a distance
- no models existed for defiance
Lessons from the conformity and obedience studies
- Strong social influences can make people conform to falsehoods or give into cruelty.
- Social control and personal control interact.
- Minority influence is mostly effective if it position is taken firmly
Social influence
- tendency for people who are being watched or observed to perform better than they would alone on simple tasks
- if the task is that simple then there will be a larger margin of error because of nervousness
Home field advantage
When others observe us we perform well learn test more quickly and accurately
-but a new and difficult task performance is less quick and accurately
Social loafing
Tendency for people in a group text search less effort when pooling the efforts toward obtaining a common goal then when individually accountable
Deindividuation
- A loss of self-awareness and self restraint occurring in a group situation that foster arousal an anonymity
Group polarization
If the group is like-minded discussion strengthen its existing opinions
Cons of the Internet as a social amplifier
- can isolate people from those with different opinions.
- May create support for shared ideas and suspicions.
- Can foster abusive or violent behavior
Pros of Internet as a social amplifier
- can connect friends and family members.
- Helps in coping with challenges.
- Fosters social ventures
Groupthink
Mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony and decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Prejudice
- “prejudgement”
- unfair negative attitude toward some group
- often targets diff ethnic, cultural, or gender groups
Components of of prejudice
- beliefs
- emotions
- predisposition to action ( to discriminate)
Difference between prejudice and discrimination
Prejudice is a negative attitude while discrimination is a negative behavior
Facts about prejudice
- often is automatic and unconscious
- worldwide gender prejudice and discrimination occurs
- gays and lesbians
- women
Social inequalities
Have often develop attitudes that justify the status quo
Just world phenomenon
Good is rewarded and evil is punished
Stereotype
Rationalize inequalities
Automatic prejudice
- implicit racial association: negative associations link to the denial of racial prejudice.
- Race influence perceptions: perceptions influenced by expectations.
- Reflexive bodily responses: telltale signs of selected by the responses to another person’s race
Ingroup and I group bias
Social definition of who we are and who we are not
- bias by favoring our own group
Scapegoat theory
Proposes that when things go wrong finding someone to blame can provide an outlet for anger
-prejudice tends to be higher amount economically frustrated pll
Biology of aggression
- genetic influences: evidence of animal studies and twin studies Y chromosome genetic marker
- biochemical influences: testosterone is linked with irritability and low tolerance for frustration and alcohol is associated with aggressive responses to frustration
- neural influences: neural system is facilitator and have a aggression when provoked and aggression is more likely with frontal lobe damage
Self control curbs aggression. Poor self-control is correlated with crime
Modeling and we warding sensitivity incorporation at early age fosters more positive behavior
Aversive events
- frustration aggressive principle
- other aversive stimuli
- frustration aggression principle: frustration creates anger which can spark aggression.
- Other aversive stimuli: hot temperatures, physical pain, personal insults, foul odors, cigarette smoke, crowding and a host of others
What features remain attractive across all cultures
Youthful form and face
Psychology of attraction
-proximity
-physical attractiveness
-similarity
• attitudes, beliefs etc
Passionate love
-two factor theory
-emotions have two ingredients physical arousal and cognitive appraisal
•sexual desire and a growing attachment=the passion of romantic love
Companionate love
- deep affectionate attachment we feel for this whom our live are intertwined
- passionate love seldom lasts
- self disclosure deepens intimacy
Altruism
-unselfish concern for welfare of other
Bystander intervention (Barley and latane)
Steps
- notice conditions
- interpret event as emergency
- assume responsibility for helping
Bystander effect
The more people around, the chances of you helping going down
-say someone else will help
Socialization norm
Social expectation that prescribes how we should behave
Reciprocity norm
Expectation that people will respond favoring to each other by returning benefits with benefits
Social responsibility norm
Expectation that ppl should help Those who depend on them
Conflict
Perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas
Mirror image perceptions
Mutual views often held by conflicting people as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and see the other side as evil and aggressive
Enemy perception stuff
- people think bad of those who think bad of them
- perceptions can become self fulfilling prophecies
Promoting peace
-contact
- most effective when contact is free of competition and equal status exist
- friendly contact with ethnic minorities older people and people with disabilities has usually lead to less prejudice
- contact is not always enough
Promoting peace
-cooperation
Sherif.
- used camp and turn friends into enemies
- then gave them common goals and turned them back into friends
Positive correlation
Either go up or go down together
Negativite correlation
One goes up while the other goes down
Difference between correlations and experiments
Experiments are used to find he correlation
Independent variable
The variable that is being changed
Dependent variable
The variable that is being measure. Changes according to the Independent variable.
Difference between sex and gender
Gender is the role and characteristics a culture expects from a male or female while sex is whether you are a male or female
Psychology
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Conditioning
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Operant
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Classical
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NS
Neutral stimulus
Evokes no response before conditions
•bell
US
Unconditioned stimulus
-in classical conditioning, triggers a natural and automatic response
•food in mouth
UR
Unconditioned response
- in classical conditioning, a unlearned and natural response to a unconditional stimulus
•salvation when food in mouth
CS
Conditioned stimulus
- in classical conditioning
- an originally irrelevant stimulus but now taught to cause saliva
CR
Conditioned response
- in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus
Positive reinforcement
Increases behaviors by presenting positive stimuli such as food a positive reinforcers anything that when presented after response strengthens the response
-adding something
Negative reinforcement
Increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli such a shock a negative reinforcers anything that when I moved after a spot strengthens the response
-taking something away
Punishment
And event that decreases the behavior it follows
diff Btwn theory and hypothesis
Hypothesis is a testable prediction and the theory had already been tested and has some evidence and predicts behaviors or events
Random sample vs. populations
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Difference Btwn sensation and perception
Sensation is the physical stimulus together with his physical properties and is registered by sensory organs. Perception is when the organs the code this information and transform them into neural impulses or signals
Social psychologists
- use scientific method to study how what we think about influence and relate to one another
- study social forces that explain why ppl act diff in diff situations
