Mental Health: Topic One Flashcards
What were the 4 historic supernatural explanations of mental health?
Witchcraft, religion, demonic possession and punishment
Treatment for the supernatural explanation?
- Saying prayers and immersing the person in holy water.
- Positive thoughts and doing good deeds.
- Rid patients of demonic possession
What is the humoral theory?
Hippocrates: mental illness was caused by supernatural punishment but by physiology.
Four types of fluid:
- Black bile
- Yellow bile
- Blood
- Phlegm
Each link to a different personality dimension. Disorders arise from an imbalance of the humours.
What is the treatment for the humoral theory?
Purge the patient by using laxatives or bloodletting or lifestyle changes.
What does the pyschogenic approach state?
Mental illness is the result of the unconscious processes.
Treatment suggested from the psychogenic approach?
Psychoanalysis and dream analysis as freud believed these are representative of the unconscious thoughts and feelings.
What does the somatogenic approach state?
Mental illness is explained in terms of abnormal brain structure such as the medical model.
Treatment suggested by the somatogenic approach?
Electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery or drug treatments.
What was the anti-psychiatry movement? + Relevant psychologists
1960s movement against the medical model.
Rosenhan and Szasz.
Define statistical infrequency
People’s behaviour whose is very different can be defined as abnormal.
Must be infrequent enough to be considered statistically rare.
Two strengths of Statistical infrequency.
+ Helps us address what is normal in a statistical sense and is useful for diagnosis.
+ Doesn’t make judgements about the acceptability of behaviour
Two weaknesses of statistical infrequency?
- cut off points can be subjective
- Some abnormal behaviour are not statistically rare eg depression
Define deviation from social norms
Abnormal behaviour can be regular fed as anything that deviates significantly from these social norms
Evaluation of deviation from social norms (1 strength + 2 weaknesses)
+ Aids social interaction
- Social norms are era dependent
- Cultural relativism: can be affected by different cultures
Define failure to function adequately
Abnormality is the failure to experience the normal range of emotions or engage with normal behaviour.
Indicators of failure to function
Indicators are:
- Dysfunctional behaviours
- Observer discomfort
- Unpredictable behaviour
- Irrational behaviour
2 strengths of failure to function adequately
+ Easy to assess consequences of abnormal behaviour
+ Advantage of objective measuring scale
Describe the purpose of ICD-10
It is a diagnostic tool for medical and health management purposes.
What are the 10 groups of the ICD-10?
F0 - Organic mental disorders
F1 - Disorders due to use of psychoactive substances
F2 - Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders
F3 - mood disorders
F4 - neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders
F5 - Behavioural syndromes
F6 - Adult disorders of personality and behaviour
F7 - Mental retardation
F8 - Disorders of psychological development
F9 - Behaviour and emotional disorders onset occurring in childhood
What is the first section of the DSM? + examples
Section One: The clinician must decide what disorder the patient has. Clinical syndromes/disorders symptoms examples :
- Mood disorders
- Anxiety disorders
- Sleep disorders
Then they must decide if there are any medical conditions which could further complicate diagnosis
What is the second section of the DSM?
Psychosocial and environmental stressors - events which may have affected the course of the mental disorder. Rated on 7 point scale.
1=not stressful 7=catastrophic
What is the third section of the DSM?
Global Assessment of Funding
Rates level of social, occupation and psychological functioning and engagement on a scale of 1 (persistent danger) to 100 (excellent in all areas)
Disorders are caused by biological, sociological and psychological factors.
Examples of additions to DSM?
Hoarding disorder is now separate to OCD
Five validity issues surrounding diagnosis of disorders?
- Comorbidity: individual having more than one disorder.
- Existence of non-disorders: Disorder must be real e.g. homosexuality.
- Myth of mental illness: some argue classification is based on false premise.
- Culture, ethnicity, gender and class: ethnocentric, made by western men.
- Geder bias: Ford and widiger found when given same case notes but different gender, the diagnosis changed.
3 factors affecting reliability of diagnosis?
- The clinician: Attitudes of clinicians can affect their judgement on diagnosis.
- The client: Assessed on personal and social characteristics, varies for everyone.
- Assessment procedure: Variety of methods use to collect info.
How does labelling affect classification?
- label given
- stripped of old identity and given new
- label internalised
- implications effect treatment
- hard to remove after treatment
How does stereotyping affect classification?
Less likely to:
- Find work
- Be in a steady relationship
- Live in decent housing
- Be socially included
- Believed to be violent and unpredictable
How does self-fulling prophecy affect classification?
- they act and see themselves in terms of their label.
How does social control affect classification?
Szasz believed it keeps low status people in their place e.g. depersonalisation and powerless in hospitals.
Types of manifestation of symptoms of depression?
Behavioural: How they act
Emotional: How they feel
Cognitive: How they think
What is the SZ diagnosis DSM 5
A. characteristics of symptoms
B. Social/occupational dysfunction
C. Duration
exclusion criteria: psychiatric mood disorders, substance abuse or a general medical condition
Three weaknesses of failure to function?
- It ignores the social context of behaviour
- Cultural relativism
- Subjective judgement
