Mental Health: Topic One

Question 1

What were the 4 historic supernatural explanations of mental health?

Answer 1

Witchcraft, religion, demonic possession and punishment

Question 2

Treatment for the supernatural explanation?

Answer 2

• Saying prayers and immersing the person in holy water.
• Positive thoughts and doing good deeds.
• Rid patients of demonic possession

Question 3

What is the humoral theory?

Answer 3

Hippocrates: mental illness was caused by supernatural punishment but by physiology.

Four types of fluid:

• Black bile
• Yellow bile
• Blood
• Phlegm

Each link to a different personality dimension. Disorders arise from an imbalance of the humours.

Question 4

What is the treatment for the humoral theory?

Answer 4

Purge the patient by using laxatives or bloodletting or lifestyle changes.

Question 5

What does the pyschogenic approach state?

Answer 5

Mental illness is the result of the unconscious processes.

Question 6

Treatment suggested from the psychogenic approach?

Answer 6

Psychoanalysis and dream analysis as freud believed these are representative of the unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 7

What does the somatogenic approach state?

Answer 7

Mental illness is explained in terms of abnormal brain structure such as the medical model.

Question 8

Treatment suggested by the somatogenic approach?

Answer 8

Electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery or drug treatments.

Question 9

What was the anti-psychiatry movement? + Relevant psychologists

Answer 9

1960s movement against the medical model.

Rosenhan and Szasz.

Question 10

Define statistical infrequency

Answer 10

People’s behaviour whose is very different can be defined as abnormal.

Must be infrequent enough to be considered statistically rare.

Question 11

Two strengths of Statistical infrequency.

Answer 11

+ Helps us address what is normal in a statistical sense and is useful for diagnosis.

+ Doesn’t make judgements about the acceptability of behaviour

Question 12

Two weaknesses of statistical infrequency?

Answer 12

• cut off points can be subjective

- Some abnormal behaviour are not statistically rare eg depression

Question 13

Define deviation from social norms

Answer 13

Abnormal behaviour can be regular fed as anything that deviates significantly from these social norms

Question 14

Evaluation of deviation from social norms (1 strength + 2 weaknesses)

Answer 14

+ Aids social interaction

• Social norms are era dependent
• Cultural relativism: can be affected by different cultures

Question 15

Define failure to function adequately

Answer 15

Abnormality is the failure to experience the normal range of emotions or engage with normal behaviour.

Question 16

Indicators of failure to function

Answer 16

Indicators are:

• Dysfunctional behaviours
• Observer discomfort
• Unpredictable behaviour
• Irrational behaviour

Question 17

2 strengths of failure to function adequately

Answer 17

+ Easy to assess consequences of abnormal behaviour

+ Advantage of objective measuring scale

Question 18

Describe the purpose of ICD-10

Answer 18

It is a diagnostic tool for medical and health management purposes.

Question 19

What are the 10 groups of the ICD-10?

Answer 19

F0 - Organic mental disorders
F1 - Disorders due to use of psychoactive substances
F2 - Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders
F3 - mood disorders
F4 - neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders
F5 - Behavioural syndromes
F6 - Adult disorders of personality and behaviour
F7 - Mental retardation
F8 - Disorders of psychological development
F9 - Behaviour and emotional disorders onset occurring in childhood

Question 20

What is the first section of the DSM? + examples

Answer 20

Section One: The clinician must decide what disorder the patient has. Clinical syndromes/disorders symptoms examples :
- Mood disorders
- Anxiety disorders
- Sleep disorders
Then they must decide if there are any medical conditions which could further complicate diagnosis

Question 21

What is the second section of the DSM?

Answer 21

Psychosocial and environmental stressors - events which may have affected the course of the mental disorder. Rated on 7 point scale.
1=not stressful 7=catastrophic

Question 22

What is the third section of the DSM?

Answer 22

Global Assessment of Funding
Rates level of social, occupation and psychological functioning and engagement on a scale of 1 (persistent danger) to 100 (excellent in all areas)

Disorders are caused by biological, sociological and psychological factors.

Question 23

Examples of additions to DSM?

Answer 23

Hoarding disorder is now separate to OCD

Question 24

Five validity issues surrounding diagnosis of disorders?

Answer 24

• Comorbidity: individual having more than one disorder.
• Existence of non-disorders: Disorder must be real e.g. homosexuality.
• Myth of mental illness: some argue classification is based on false premise.
• Culture, ethnicity, gender and class: ethnocentric, made by western men.
• Geder bias: Ford and widiger found when given same case notes but different gender, the diagnosis changed.

Question 25

3 factors affecting reliability of diagnosis?

Answer 25

• The clinician: Attitudes of clinicians can affect their judgement on diagnosis.
• The client: Assessed on personal and social characteristics, varies for everyone.
• Assessment procedure: Variety of methods use to collect info.

Question 26

How does labelling affect classification?

Answer 26

• label given
• stripped of old identity and given new
• label internalised
• implications effect treatment
• hard to remove after treatment

Question 27

How does stereotyping affect classification?

Answer 27

Less likely to:

• Find work
• Be in a steady relationship
• Live in decent housing
• Be socially included
• Believed to be violent and unpredictable

Question 28

How does self-fulling prophecy affect classification?

Answer 28

• they act and see themselves in terms of their label.

Question 29

How does social control affect classification?

Answer 29

Szasz believed it keeps low status people in their place e.g. depersonalisation and powerless in hospitals.

Question 30

Types of manifestation of symptoms of depression?

Answer 30

Behavioural: How they act
Emotional: How they feel
Cognitive: How they think

Question 31

What is the SZ diagnosis DSM 5

Answer 31

A. characteristics of symptoms
B. Social/occupational dysfunction
C. Duration

exclusion criteria: psychiatric mood disorders, substance abuse or a general medical condition

Question 32

Three weaknesses of failure to function?

Answer 32

• It ignores the social context of behaviour
• Cultural relativism
• Subjective judgement