Mental health test 1 Flashcards
A _____________ is a group of people and institutions that share geographic, civic, and/or social parameters.
community
primary prevention
Prevention of initial occurrence of disease or injury; examples: family planning education, providing immunizations.
tertiary prevention
Maximization of recovery after an injury or illness (rehabilitation); examples: exercise programming for a patient with hypertension, case management for a client with a chronic illness.
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Early detection and treatment of disease with the goal of limiting severity and adverse effects; examples: screening for breast cancer, screening for hypertension
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), _____________ is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity.
health
True or False: The difference between a community and a population is that a population is made up of people who do not necessarily interact with one another and do not necessarily share a sense of belonging to that group.
True
health indicators
describes the health status of a community and serve as targets for the improvement of a community’s health? Examples include mortality rates, disease prevalence, and levels of tobacco use.
population health
Uses an outcome-driven approach to “manage” health for a specific group of individuals. Interventions involve the tracking and measurement of “health status indicators” (e.g., high blood pressure) within these groups.
public health
Promotes and protects the health of people and the communities where they live, learn, work and play. Goal is to prevent people from getting sick or injured in the first place.
community health
Rooted in the collective efforts of individuals and organizations who work to promote health within a geographically or culturally defined group.
policy development
Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
assurance
Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and insure safety. Assure a competent public health and personal health care work force.
assessment
Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.
three core functions of public health
assessment, assurance, and policy development
A ________________ may be defined geographically, such as all the people occupying an area, or it may be defined by common qualities or characteristics. It is made up of individuals who do not necessarily interact with one another and do not necessarily share a sense of belonging to that group.
population
geographic community
defined by its boundaries. examples include: city, town, neighborhood
common-interest community
identified by common goal. example includes: members of a church or families who have lost someone to suicide
community of solution
a group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them. example: group of county agencies
Formative Evaluation
focuses of the process during the actual intervention
Summative Evaluation
focuses on the outcome of the intervention
Normal line of defense (health)
level of health the community has reached over time
Flexible line of defense (buffer zone)
represents a dynamic level of health resulting from a temporary response to stressors
Lines of resistance (strengths)
Internal mechanisms that act to defend against stressors
stressors
tension producing stimuli that have the potential of causing disequilibrium in the system
participant observation
Observation of formal or informal community activities; strengths include identification of power structures, limitations include inability to ask questions of participants
focus groups
Directed talk with a representative sample; strengths include that it provides insight into community supports, limitations are that it is time-consuming to transcribe the discussions
surveys
Specific questions asked in a written format; strengths include contact with participants is not required, limitations include low response rate and requires reading/writing by participants
community forum
Open public meeting; strengths include minimal cost, limitations include potential to drift from the issue and may be challenging to get adequate participation
health disparity
Difference in the health status (e.g., presence of disease, health outcomes, rates of chronic disease, access to health care) between population groups
health inequities
Differences in health that are not only unnecessary and avoidable, but, in addition, are considered unfair and unjust (e.g., power, wealth)
Rooted in social injustices that make some population groups more vulnerable to poor health than other groups
A nurse is preparing to conduct a windshield survey. What are some examples of data the nurse should collect as a component of this assessment?
Presence of acceptable quality housing, Location of health services, Availability of public transportation
Male babies are generally born at a heavier birth weight than female babies. is this a health disparity or health inequity?
health disparity
Babies born to Black women are more likely to die in their first year of life than babies born to White women. is this a health disparity or health inequity?
health inequity
windshield survey
Descriptive approach that assesses several community components by driving through a community
windshield survey components
place, people, housing, social systems
pender’s health promotion model
First published in the 1980s by Nola Pender
Envisioned as a framework for exploring health-related behaviors within a nursing and behavioral science context
Pender’s model says that behaviors are determined by
The model posits that health promotion behaviors are determined by individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) or Stages of Change Model
developed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1983 from the initial studies of smoking cessation. This model acknowledges that people differ in their readiness to adopt new behaviors.
Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages in The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) or Stages of Change Model
Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, Termination
health promotion behavior
Behavior motivated by the person’s desire to increase well-being and health potential; it is not disease-specific
health promotion
The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health; the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health
health promotion interventions
Lifestyle change can be facilitated through a combination of efforts to enhance awareness, change behavior, and create environments that support good health practices
disease prevention
Behavior motivated by a desire to avoid disease, detect it early, or maintain functioning within the constraints of illness or disability
specificity
The ability of the screening test to give a negative finding when the person truly does not have the disease, or true negative
validity
The degree to which the instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
sensitivity
The ability of the screening test to give a positive finding when the person truly has the disease, or true positive
reliability
The ability of the instrument to give consistent results on repeated trials
ecological model
provides a broader view of community health promotion and incorporates an upstream approach. can be used as a guide to examine the determinants of health for a population, and for targeting interventions to multiple factors that affect health.
example of downstream approach for fixing obesity problems
health provider focuses primarily on individual health teaching based on nutritional patterns, portions, and choices without taking into consideration environmental factors
example of upstream approach to fixing obesity
interventions focused on agriculture subsidies, transportation policies, and urban zoning
interventions restricting television advertising of food to children, creating national nutrition standards for meals served in childcare settings, or working with the private sector to introduce healthier options in restaurants and local markets
Host
worker characteristics: job experience, age, pregnancy
agent (occupational health)
biological, chemical, physical, mechanical, psychological agents that can lead to illness or injury
environment (occupational health)
psychological (addictions, stress), social (sanitation), physical (heat, pollution)
home health skilled nursing services
Skilled assessment Wound care Laboratory draws Medication education and administration Parenteral nutrition IV fluids and medication Central line care Urinary catheter insertion and maintenance Coordination, delegation and supervision of various other participants in home health services
Teaching good nutrition and knowledge of health hazards
Providing information on immunizations
Teaching use of protective equipment
Example:
Teaching health promotion practices such as hand hygiene and tooth brushing
primary prevention
Identifying workplace hazards
Early detection through health surveillance and screening
Prompt treatment, counseling and referral
Prevention of further limitations
Example:
Perform screening for early detection of disease and initiate referrals as appropriate such as vision and hearing, height and weight, and scoliosis
secondary prevention
Restoration of health through rehabilitation strategies and limited-duty programs
Example:
Providing nursing care for children who have chronic disorders, including asthma, diabetes mellitus, and cystic fibrosis
tertiary prevention
characteristics of healthy families
Members communicate well and listen to each other
There is affirmation and support for all members
Members teach respect for others
There is a sense of trust
Members play and share humor together
Members interact with one another
Members participate in leisure activities together
Members share a spiritual foundation
Privacy of individuals is respected
There is a shared sense of responsibility
There are traditions and rituals
Members seek help for their problems
Providing health care services to clients where they reside
home health
A comprehensive care delivery system for clients who are terminally ill
hospice
Working with individuals, families, and faith communities who share common faith traditions
faith/parish nursing
Combines nursing knowledge with knowledge of the criminal justice system, and epidemiological knowledge about findings of intentional injury with safety being the primary principle
forensic nursing
Health care in the workplace that seeks to both promote health and prevent occupational illness and injury
occupational health
Encompasses many roles including that of case manager, counselor, direct caregiver and health educator
school nursing
discharge planning
Begins at admission
An essential component of the continuum of care
An ongoing assessment that anticipates the future needs of the client
Requires ongoing communication between the client, nurse, providers, family, and other members of the interprofessional team
goal of discharge planning
Goal of discharge planning is to enhance the well-being of the client by establishing appropriate options for meeting the health care needs of the client
case manager
Uses the nursing process to help the client obtain important services and to treat their condition
activities of a case manager
Advocating for quality services and client rights, Applying evidence-based protocols and pathways, Promoting interprofessional services and increased client/family involvement, Providing education to optimize health participation, coordinating care among providers, nursing staff, physical and occupational therapists, rehabilitations facilities, home health care, and community resources
five fundamental steps of evidence-based practice
Step 1: Assessment of the Problem - Formulating a well-built question
Step 2: Literature Review - Identifying articles and other evidence-based resources that answer the question
Step 3: Critical Appraisal - Critically appraising the evidence to assess its validity
Step 4: Apply the evidence
Step 5: Evaluation and Revision- Re-evaluating the application of evidence and areas for improvement
PICO
effective method to accomplish step 1: assessment of the problem P = Population/Patient/Problem I = Intervention C = Comparison/Control O = Outcome/Effects
True or false: The strength and quality of evidence are judged by the amount of control that was built into the research study and described as levels of evidence descending from Level 1 (the weakest) to Level 7 (the strongest)
false
Nursing that combines patient preferences with best practices that have been validated by evidence based research and clinical expertise to formulate the plan of care for clients is called:
evidence based practice
