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NURS level 3 > Community health test 2 > Flashcards

Community health test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A public health nurse (PHN) is asked by the hospital administration to find out why there are so many pediatric asthma patients coming to the emergency room (ER) for treatment and to develop a plan to reduce admissions by 10%. The nurse needs to untangle the multiple risk factors involved in order to determine what type of intervention should be developed. Which framework should the PHN use to best understand the multiple factors contributing to asthma in this population?

A

the web of causation

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2
Q

epidemiological triangle

A

Classic model used in epidemiology to explain the occurrence of disease - has a host, agent, and environment that explains the occurrence of disease

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3
Q

epidemiological constants

A

person, place, and time

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4
Q

web of causation

A

helps to understand the multiple factors that contribute to the development of disease

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5
Q

ecological model

A

Used to design health promotion efforts and understand health behavior

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6
Q

health promotion

A

includes interventions that can be done to help maintain health

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7
Q

health behaviors

A

include behaviors that contribute either positively or negatively to overall health

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8
Q

determinants

A

Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic

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9
Q

population

A

Complete collection of individuals having a quality or characteristic in common

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10
Q

distribution

A

Involves the analysis of disease patterns according to the characteristics of person, place and time

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11
Q

environment

A

All of the external factors that can influence the host’s vulnerability to a disease

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12
Q

Biologicial, chemical, physical or nutritional; responsible for the disease

A

agent

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13
Q

Susceptible human or animal

A

host

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14
Q

You are working as a public health nurse and assisting with a recent outbreak investigation in your community. The local Catholic church recently held a potluck dinner with 75 attendees. Unfortunately, 15 of the attendees became ill with vomiting and diarrhea within two days of the potluck dinner. You have been asked to calculate the attack rate among attendees. The attack rate is:

A

ill/ill+well x 100

answer: 20%

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15
Q

John Snow, considered the founder of epidemiology, realized the source of the London’s cholera epidemic through:

A

Developing a frequency distribution of the number of human deaths by placing hash marks on a city map

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16
Q

The public health nursing student is studying outbreak investigations and disease trends. The student learns that there are three precipitating factors also known as the epidemiological constants essential to an outbreak investigation and include which of the following?

A

person, place, and time

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17
Q

Epidemiology is defined as “the study of the ____________ and ____________ of health-related states or events in specified ___________ and the application of this study to the control of health problems.”

A

distribution, determinants, populations

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18
Q

air quality manager

A

Building permits, burn codes, dust control, monitor air quality

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19
Q

epidemiology and public health preparedness

A

Communicable disease control and surveillance, emergency medical services oversight, emergency preparedness, vital statistics (birth and death records)

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20
Q

Business office, grants management, human resources

A

administrative health services

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21
Q

Chronic disease prevention, immunizations, sexual health, TB, maternal child adolescent health, WIC

A

community and clinical health services

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22
Q

Food safety/protection, land development, inspections (child care, hotels, motels, public pools, tattoo/body piercing establishments, waste management, vector control)

A

environmental health services

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23
Q

The neonatal nurse is providing anticipatory guidance to the mother of a newborn infant. When discussing immunization schedules, the nurse explains that the first dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is given at what age?

A

2 months

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24
Q

In the United States, the oral polio vaccine is…

A

no longer given because vaccine virus may spread from the recipient to contacts

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25
Q

Before going to college, students, especially those that will be living in a dorm, should consider getting …

A

Meningococcal vaccine

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26
Q

According to the State of Nevada, which of the following is not accepted as an exemption from immunizations?

A

Personal belief exemption. religious exemption and medical exemption are both reasons

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27
Q

At what age can children begin getting yearly flu shots?

A

6 months

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28
Q

true or false: It is recommended that pregnant women receive one dose of Tdap with each pregnancy, preferably between 27 and 36 weeks gestation.

A

true

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29
Q

Which of the following is the first anti-cancer vaccine?

A

hepatitis B vaccine

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30
Q

Which vaccine is given soon after birth?

A

hepatitis B

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31
Q

Pediarix combines which of the following vaccines:

A

DTap - Hep B - IPV

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32
Q

Which vaccine is given subcutaneously?

A

varicella

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33
Q

true or false: If the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine was given more than one year ago, and no subsequent doses were given, you should repeat the first dose.

A

false

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34
Q

A parent brings her 4-month-old infant to a well-baby clinic for immunizations. The child is up to date with the immunization schedule. The nurse should prepare to administer which immunizations at this 4-month visit?

A

DTaP, Hib, IPV, PCV, RV

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35
Q

Which of the following vaccines usually aren’t given until a child’s first birthday (12 months of age).

A

MMR

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36
Q

DTaP stands for:

A

Diphtheria - Tetanus - acellular Pertussis

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37
Q

Which of the following vaccines helps to prevent bacterial meningitis in children aged 2 months to 2 years?

A

Hib

38
Q

If a child has an adverse effect after receiving immunizations, the parent and/or the health care provider can report it to…

A

VAERS (the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System)

39
Q

Human Papillomavirus or HPV is:

A

caused by a virus, spread skin to skin, infects 80% of women by 50 years of age, and is the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide

40
Q

Which of the following infectious diseases is NOT considered a vaccine-preventable disease at this time?

A

hepatitis C

41
Q

The shingles vaccine is available for:

A

people aged 50 years of age and older

42
Q

True or False: All vaccinations have the potential to cause a severe allergic reaction in certain patients.

A

true

43
Q

Older adults have higher body burdens of chemicals that have been absorbed over their lifetimes, and these chemicals collect in the adipose tissue or bone, and can later result in poor health outcomes, such as cancer or organ damage. The public health nurse recognizes that this substance collection is called:

A

bioaccumulation

44
Q

Fair distribution of environmental burdens; fair application of environmental laws, policies and regulations regardless of race, color, national origin, or income.

A

environmental justice

45
Q

The science and practice of preventing human injury and illness and promoting well being by identifying and evaluating environmental sources and hazardous agents and limiting exposures to hazardous agents in air, water, soil, food or other environmental setting that may adversely affect human health.

A

environmental health

46
Q

The human-made surroundings created for the daily activities of humans, reflects the range of physical and social elements that make up a community.

A

built-environment

47
Q

A nurse is using the I-PREPARE mnemonic to assess a client’s potential environmental exposures. Which of the following questions should the nurse ask when assessing for “A” in the mnemonic?

A

what do you like to do for fun?

48
Q

I PREPARE mnemonic

A 
one method of determining current and past environmental exposures
I: investigate
P:present work 
R: Residence
E: Environmental concerns
P: past work
A: activities
R: referrals and resources
E: educate
49
Q

The public health nurse understands that the toxicity of chemicals in children is more severe than that in older populations because of which of the following reasons?

A

Children play in outdoor soil, which can be contaminated,
Children may ingest improperly stored chemicals, for example in old food containers or in easily accessible locations such as under the sink, Children have faster rates of absorption of toxic substances, In urban settings, children may not have adequate places to play and in rural settings, children are at risk of injuries from farm equipment and vehicles, Children have less developed immune systems

50
Q

A public health nurse is evaluating a community’s access to grocery stores, accessible transportation, outside activities, and the maintenance of its neighborhood buildings. The nurse is evaluating the:

A

Built environment

51
Q

What was the incidence rate of reported Chlamydia cases in Washoe County in 2018? (reported cases per 100,000 population)

A

594

52
Q

Which of the following agencies is the main resource for HIV care In Washoe County?

A

HOPES

53
Q

Considering the acronym “CHART” for the key STD motivators, “A” stands for which of the following?

A

Asymptomatic Infection

54
Q

metronidazole 500 mg PO BID x 7 days is recommended for

A

bacterial vaginosis

55
Q

ceftriaxone 250 mg IM AND azythromycin 1 G PO OR doxycycline 100 mg PO BID x 7 days is recommended for

A

gonorrhea

56
Q

benzathine penicillin G (2.4 million units IM in a single dose) is recommended for

A

syphilis

57
Q

azithromycin 1 g PO OR doxycycline 100 mg PO BID x 7 days is recommended for

A

chlamydia

58
Q

Which of the following groups is not included in the list of persons who should get tested for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

A

Persons < 25 years of age who are not sexually active

59
Q

acronym “CHART” for the key STD motivators

A 
C: complications of untreated disease
H: HIV connection
A: Asymptomatic infection
R: Re-infection
T: Transmission
60
Q

Recognizing the differences between cultures; no one culture is superior to another

A

ethnorelativism

61
Q

Includes self-awareness of one’s own cultural background, biases, and differences

A

cultural awareness

62
Q

A skill the nurse develops in learning to respect individual dignity and preferences, as well as acknowledging cultural differences

A

cultural competence

63
Q

Refers to a group of people who have shared patterns of communication, shared sense of beliefs, common patterns of clothing, predictable socialization patterns, and similar dietary preferences and food preparation

A

culture

64
Q

Believing one’s own culture is best; judging another culture by the values and standards of one’s own culture

A

ethnocentrism

65
Q

Which of the following are examples of ways to convey cultural sensitivity?

A

Use culturally sensitive language, Show respect for a client’s support systems, Provide health teaching materials in the client’s primary language and at the recommended readability level

66
Q

Examples of groups typically viewed as vulnerable:

A 
People living in poverty
People of color
The uninsured
Those experiencing homelessness
Older adults
Those with disabilities
Those with increased frailty
Those suffering from noncommunicable diseases
Those who do not speak English
Immigrants
Refugees
People marginalized by sexual preference
Those who are incarcerate
67
Q

Vulnerability

A

The increased susceptibility to poor health of an individual or group stemming from exposure to multiple risk factors

68
Q

The differential and negative treatment of an individual based on his or her race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, or other group membership

A

discrimination

69
Q

A characteristic of a person or a group of persons that is contrary to those characteristics of the larger group

A

stigma

70
Q

The increased susceptibility to poor health of an individual or group stemming from exposure to multiple risk factors

A

vulnerability

71
Q

A social process through which a person or group is on the periphery of society based on identity, associations, experiences, or environment

A

marginalization

72
Q

Populations at substantially greater risk for poor physical, mental, and social health; may be associated with socioeconomic status, where they live, gender, age, disability status, or sexual orientation

A

vulnerable populations

73
Q

An exagerated, usually negative belief or image applied to an entire category of people

A

stereotype

74
Q

bilateral organization

A

Represent a single government that gives aid to developing countries

75
Q

nongovernmental organizations

A

Voluntary groups organized at the local, national, or international level to provide service and humanitarian relief, advocacy, development, and sustainable programs, and to monitor policies and provide information

76
Q

multilateral organizations

A

Collaborative work and funding come from multiple governments, nongovernmental sources, and is distributed to many different countries

77
Q

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

A

Created by the United Nations
Called for more developed nations to contribute resources to improve conditions in lesser-developed countries, making global health a responsibility of nations around the world

78
Q

primary care

A

Refers to personal health care services

79
Q

primary health care

A

Refers to the essential care needed to have healthy individuals and a healthy community; concept originated at the 1978 WHO conference

80
Q

global health

A

Global health refers to health issues that transcend national boundaries and governments and call for actions on the global forces that determine the health of people

Involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration

Global health is a new approach to the concept of international health

81
Q

epidemic

A

Occurrence of a disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

82
Q

endemic

A

The habitual presence of a disease within a given geography

83
Q

pandemic

A

An epidemic affecting or attacking the population of an extensive region, country, or continent
When an epidemic occurs in multiple countries or continents

84
Q

Communicable Disease Surveillance

A

Descriptive epidemiology used to investigate disease patterns to identify who was affected, where the issue is located, how it occurs, why or what the cause is, and when the condition started
Monitoring disease patterns can help identify an unusual disease outbreak or newly emerging disease
Useful in developing public health policies regarding disease management
Evaluate the efficiency of communicable disease programs

85
Q

disease transmission can be

A

direct (person to person) or indirect (Occurs through a common vehicle such as a contaminated air or water supply, or by a vector such as the mosquito)

86
Q

modes of transmission

A

airborne, food borne, waterborne, vector borne, direct contact

87
Q

disease defenses

A

Herd Immunity
- Protection due to the immunity of most community members making exposure unlikely
Natural immunity
- Natural defense mechanisms of the body to resist specific antigens or toxins
Acquired immunity
- Develops through actual exposure to the infectious agent

88
Q

nursing in environmental health

A

Identify environmental health risk, participate in research, and use advocacy to improve environmental quality
Contribute to environmental health by engaging in environmentally friendly practices and use of material, as well as providing information to the public about environmental health
Use toxicological information to understand the specific effects that environmental hazards have on populations at risk or following exposure

89
Q

CDC reference level of blood lead levels

A

5 uq/dL is elevated

90
Q

routes fo exposure to lead

A

Occurs primarily through ingestion; inhalation is the second major pathway of exposure

91
Q

prevention of lead exposure

A

Wash your hands before you eat
Take off your shoes at the door
Eat a healthy diet that includes iron and calcium
Regularly check your home for chipping, peeling, or deteriorating paint
Test your home’s drinking water (schools and childcares should also be tested

92
Q

Healthy People 2020 Environmental Health Objectives (6 themes)

A 
Outdoor air quality
Surface and ground water quality
Toxic substances and hazardous wastes
Homes and communities
Infrastructure and surveillance
Global environmental health

NURS level 3 (10 decks)

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