Mental Health: Public Health includes Healthy Minds Flashcards
What are 3 main statistics according to WHO?
- Mental illness accounts for more disability in developed countries
- 25% of adults in America have mental illness (2004)
- Half of Americans will develop a mental illness at least once in their lifetime
What are the trends of mental illness?
- Associated with CHRONIC diseases (CV, epilepsy, asthma, diabetes, cancer)
- More likely to develop injuries (both intentional and unintentional)
- Tend to use drug, abuse alcohol and tobacco
What are 2 main descriptions about anxiety?
Give examples
- physiological response to a dangerous situation so that you can prepare to evade or confront the threat
- anxiety experienced is disproportionated to the circumstance or intervene normal functioning
phobias, panic attack, generalized anxiety, OCD, PTSD
What is prevalence of anxiety disorder?
What anxiety disorder significant overlap with?
18% one year among adults
mood and substance abuse disorders
Who have higher rate of anxiety disorder?
female
What is the strong basis of panic disorder?
genetic basis
What are the treatments of anxiety disorder?
counseling, psychotherapy and pharmaceuticals
What is another type of anxiety that is common in veterans?
PTSD = post traumatic stress disorder
What cause them to have PTSD?
experienced traumatic events,
have nightmares,
feel stress and angry during the day
Describe 2 types of psychotherapies
- Prolonged exposure: help people confront their fear,
help them feel in a safe ways through mental imagery & writing - Cognitive processing: patient is asked to recount the traumatic experience & help them redirect negative thoughts
What is Psychosis?
the disorder of perception and thought
What are the symptoms of psychosis?
hallucination,
delusion,
paranoia
Definition of hallucination and delusion
hallucination: sensory impressions that have no basis in reality
delusion: false belief despite evidence to the contrary
What is psychosis associated with?
schizophrenia
How many % of population schizophrenia affects?
What are schizophrenia characterized?
What are symptoms?
What does onset generally occur?
Has strong degree of what?
What are the treatments?
1%
disruption of cognitive and emotion
affect languages, thought, perception
hallucination and delusion
young adults
genetic predisposition
antipsychotic meds,
psychotherapy,
family intervention program
What is the major cause of disability ?
mood disorder
What is mood disorder?
depression and bipolar disorder
What does 50% of people have diagnosis of major depression suffer?
anxiety
Who is more likely to have mood disorder?
women
What is the consequence of mood disorder?
suicide
What is common in people with mood disorder?
substance abuse
What is the factor that is strongly implicated in mood disorder?
genetic
What is the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments?
pharmacological treatment: antidepressant, mood stabilizers
non-pharmacological treatment: ECT (elctroconvulsant shock therapy) & counseling
What is disturbance of cognition?
What is the example for this?
lack of ability to organize, process and recall information
to execute complex sequences of tasks
Alzheimer’s disease = cognitive impairment or dementia
What is NCS?
Who sponsor?
What researchers in Harvard Medical School do?
National Comorbidity Survey
A comprehensive survey conducted in 1990-1992
again in 2001-2002 with the same respondents
National institute of mental health
National institute of drug abuse
WT Grant foundation
Interview 10k adults with questions designed to diagnose specific mental and substance abuse disorders
What are the names of 2 surveys conducted by CDC?
BRFSS = The behavioral risk factor surveillance system PRAMS = The pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system
What is BRFSS based ?
What kind of survey? How many adults interviewed? What is goal of the questions asked? How often the question asked? What individual may choose?
state - based
telephone survey
450k adult interviewed
the number of mentally unhealthy days they experience
every year
optional questions on mental health issues
What is the question asked in PRAMS?
For how long?
postpartum depression = postnatal period of her birth of child & extend about 6 weeks
___(1)___ have higher prevalence of ____(2)____
indicates association b/w mental illness and chronic diseases such as: _____(3)______
(1) Southeastern states
(2) depression, psychological distress, mentally unhealthy days
(3) obesity, diabetes, CV
Which disorder(s) are more common in women?
anxiety and mood disorder
Which disorder(s) are more common in men?
impulse control disorder & substance disorder
Which disorder(s) most prevalent?
substance disorder
T or F:
60 years old have higher prevalence than younger cohorts
False (in reverse)
T or F:
The precise cause of mental disorders are NOT known
TRUE
What are 3 factors that cause mental illness?
biological, psychological and sociocultural
Which disorder(s) caused by genetic?
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, ADHD
Which disorder(s) caused by environment?
panic disorder
What does prevention depend on?
Describe 3 risk factors
identification of risk factors that can be targeted
- Individual factors: difficult temperament, physiological deficits, chronic physical illness, below avg intelligence
- Family factors: marital discord, social disadvantage, large family size, paternal criminality, maternal mental disorder, admission into foster care
- Community factors: living in an area with a high rate of disorganization, inadequate educational programs
Describe mental illness in children
reasons
biological risks
how does maternal depression affect them
how does child abuse & neglect affect them
- biological & psychosocial experience during childhood
- biological risk:
intrauterine exposure to alcohol / cigarettes,
environmental exposure to lead,
malnutrition during pregnancy,
birth trauma,
chromosomal syndrome - Relationship b/w infants/children with the primary caregiver is important
- Maternal depression increases –> anxiety disorders, conduct disorder & alcohol dependence in the child
- Child abuse & neglect –> depression, conduct disorder, delinquency (minor crime) & impaired social functioning with peers
Autism
Rate in general
male or female rate
influence
- severely compromised ability to engage in, lack of interest in social interaction. life long disability - 1 in 110 children - male higher (4-5 times) - strong genetic influence
Mood disorder in children
- disorders
- rare in?
- higher in?
- male or female rate
- bipolar disorder, major depression, suicide
- rare for preteens & young adolescents
- higher in 15-19 years old
- even higher in 20 -24
- boy 5 times higher
ADHD
- rate accdng to gender
- treatment
- concerns
- behavior disorder of childhood
- boy 5 times higher
- treatment: psychoactive stimulants & behavioral therapy
- concerns raised about over diagnosis
Intervention of mental illness in children
Program?
- enhance classroom success
- minimize involvement in the juvenile justice system
- Project Head Start
- improve academic performance of economically disadvantaged preschool children
- Advantages: mainly social:
better peer relations,
less truancy,
less antisocial behavior
Mental health in Older adults - ages \_\_ or \_\_ - common disorders - risk factors - affects how many percentage of the elderly? treatment
- 55 or older
- Alzheimer’s disease,
alcohol / drug abuse,
anxiety,
late life schizophrenia - Depression –> suicide
- Risk factors: medical conditions, admission to nursing home, poly pharmacy, isolation, bereavement
- affect 20% of the elderly
- Treatment - similar to children but physiological conditions must be considered
Why most people with mental disorders DO NOT seek treatment ?
- stigma
- cost
Epidemiology of mental Illness
Lifetime prevalence of : ANXIETY
31%
Epidemiology of mental Illness
Lifetime prevalence of : MOOD DISORDER
21%
Epidemiology of mental Illness
Lifetime prevalence of : IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDER
25%
Epidemiology of mental Illness
Lifetime prevalence of : SUBSTANCE DISORDER
35%
highest rates of suicide is usually associated with
depression
risk factors for older adults
- medical conditions & medications
- living conditions
- psychosocial stressors