Mental Health Introduction: Depression Flashcards
Test I Review
Individuals who remain in good mental health are able to find ways to deal with stressors and exhibit these qualities. Persons, who over time, cannot cope with stressors in their daily life, and show these qualities end-up physically or emotional ill.
Criteria for mental health include: (7)
- Ability to be flexible
- Ability to be successful
- Ability to form close relationships
- Ability to make appropriate judgments
- Ability to solve problems
- Ability to cope with daily stresses
- Ability to have a positive sense of self
Treats to mental health or the definition of mental illness include: (5)
- Impairment of a person’s ability to think
- Impairment of a person’s ability to feel
- Impairment of a person’s ability to make sound judgments
- Difficulty or inability to cope with reality
- Difficulty or inability to form strong personal relationships
CAUSES OF MENTAL HEALTH
The cause is still under investigation. One theory holds that it is due to:(2)
- Organic or Physical Causes (NATURE).
2. Inorganic or Emotional Causes (NURTURE)
Cause of Mental Health
- psychobiologic theory – related to genetic, physical or neurochemical malfunction in the brain
- Organic or Physical Causes (NATURE).
Cause of Mental Health
- The psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud et al. related to ineffective parenting.
- Inorganic or Emotional Causes (NURTURE)
Diagnosis for Mental Illness
The diagnostic tool used is the
“Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-I Text Revision DSM 5”
Neurotransmitters (NT) (10)
- Acetylcholine:
- Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
- Epinephrine
- Dopamine
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- Glutamate (glutamic acid)
- Serotonin
- Histamine
- Substance P
- Encephalin and Endorphins
Neurotransmitter
• Communicates between nerves and muscles, is broken down by acetycholinesterase.
• Found in many parts of the brain, is excitatory or inhibitory, involved with memory.
- Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter
- catecholamines released in areas of the brain such as the limbic system.
- Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
Neurotransmitter
- found in several areas of CNS and in the sympathetic division of ANS.
- function is excitatory or inhibitory.
- Epinephrine
Neurotransmitter
- Found in high concentration in the brain; also present in autonomic system, is related to coordination of impulses and responses both motor and intellectual. Mostly inhibitor;
- involved in emotions/moods and in regulation motor control
- Dopamine
Neurotransmitter
- Found in the brain, inhibits nerve activity; is important in preventing overexcitibility or stimulation such as seizure activity. It is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Neurotransmitter
- found in the CNS, excitatory, most common excitatory NT in the CNS.
- Glutamate (glutamic acid)
Neurotransmitter
- Important in arousal and sleep as well as in preventing depression and promoting motivation;
- Found in several regions of CNS, including the limbic system, it mostly inhibitory; involved in emotion/moods.
- Serotonin
Neurotransmitter
- found in the brain; mostly excitatory; involved in emotions and regulation of body temperature and water balance
- Histamine
Neurotransmitter
- found in the brain, spinal cord, sensory pain pathways and GIT; mostly excitatory; transmits pain information.
- Substance P
Neurotransmitter
- found in several regions of CNS, retina, intestinal tract; mostly excitatory, act like opiates to block pain
- Encephalin and Endorphins
What drug blocks the uptake of dopamine?
Cocaine
What drug inhibits the uptake of serotonin?
Prozac
Norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine and serotonin are broken down by (a) or by (b).
a. monoamine oxidase (MAO)
b. catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT)
Controls the arousal and awareness of stimuli, contains the sleep centre, When levels of serotonin becomes high here, the system shuts down and sleep occurs.
1 Reticular Activating System (RAS)
_____ contains high levels of NE, E, and serotonin. It is responsible for expressions of emotion (anger, pleasure, stress, motivation, and so on).
- Drug therapy aimed at alleviating emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety often involve attempting to alter the levels of NE, E and serotonin.
Limbic system
Drug therapy aimed at alleviating emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety often involve attempting to alter the levels of ___.(3)
NE, E and serotonin.
Depressive disorders include:(6)
- Major depressive disorder
- Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
- Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia)
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder
- Other specified and unspecified depressive disorders.