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Exam > Mental Health Committee > Flashcards

Mental Health Committee Flashcards

1
Q

What are challenges facing children with untreated ADHD? (6)

A
  1. School difficulties2. Low self-esteem3. Family stress4. Psychiatric comorbidities5. Poor social skills –> social isolation6. Poor peer/sibling relationships
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2
Q

What behavioural condition are children with repaired congenital heart disease at risk of?

A

ADHD

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3
Q

Among persons with known structural CHD, sudden death is associated with which two specific conditions?

A
  1. Tetralogy of fallot2. Transposition of the great arteries
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4
Q

What is the risk of sudden death of children on ADHD medications compared to children in the general population?

A

SAME risk!

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5
Q

What screening questions should be asked to identify potential cardiac risk factors for sudden death among children starting stimulant medication?-if yes to any of these questions, what is your next management step?

A
  1. Shortness of breath with exercise? 2. Decreased exercise tolerance?3. Fainting or seizures with exercise, startle or fright4. Palpitations brought on by exercise5. Family history of sudden or unexplained death: -SIDS-unexplained drowning-unexplained motor vehicle accidents6. Personal or family history of nonischemic heart disease7. Long QT syndrome or other familial arrhythmias8. Wolf Parkinson White syndrome9. Cardiomyopathy10. Heart transplant11. Pulmonary hypertension12. Implantable defibrillator-next management step if yes: consult cardiology
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6
Q

What is the recommendation on whether you should obtain an ECG prior to or during ADHD medication therapy?

A

If the history, family history and physical exam are all normal, there is no indication to perform an ECG

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7
Q

For patients with known congenital heart disease or arrhythmias, are they are increased risk of sudden death with ADHD medications?

A

Keep in mind that in certain patients with known congenital heart disease (ie. TOF or transposition), there is already an increased risk of sudden cardiac death.-however, ADHD medications do NOT raise the risk of sudden death further (no evidence that shows this)

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8
Q

What is the Feingold diet in ADHD management?

A

An “alternative” therapy in ADHD management where a salicylate and additive-free diet is pursued-multiple controlled studies showed that this was not effective

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9
Q

How effective is elimination of food allergens in the managment of ADHD?-what foods are commonly implicated?

A

Double-blind, placebo controlled food allergen challenge studies showed some improvement in behaviour:-Appropriate elimination diets are more likely to improve behaviour in younger children with:1. Atopic histories2. Family history of migraine3. Family history of food reactivity-common foods: milk, nuts, fish, wheat, soy, additives

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10
Q

How effective is the elimination of sugar and aspartame from the diet in treating ADHD?-what about The Yeast Connexion?

A

No effect! Many studies have shown no causality between dietary sucrose or aspartame on children’s behaviour-yeast connexion: postulates that chronic candidasis and candida toxin production = antifungal agents and a diet free of any sugar source that could promote yeast growth and any foods made with or contaminated by molds and yeast (eg. bread, cheese, processed foods, dried fruits) = NOT scientifically validated

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11
Q

Is there scientific evidence to support the following in ADHD treatment?-megavitamin therapy-iron-magnesium-vitamin B6-zinc-essential fatty acids

A

-megavitamin therapy: NO! double-blind, placebo controlled, study showed NO improvement-iron: NO!-magnesium: NO! One small study showed behavioural improvement but only one study-vitamin B6: NO! Again only one study showed an improvement-Zinc: NO!-essential fatty acids: NO! three blinded placebo controlled studies on essential fatty acid supplementation with evening primrose oil and fish oil showed NO behavioural improvement!

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12
Q

What are nootropics used in alternatives therapies for ADHD? (2)

A

Substances reported to enhance mental competence1. Piracetam = thought to enhance dopamine and noreadenaline transmission-no controlled studies to date 2. Deanol: acetylcholine precursor-double blind placebo controlled study showed improved ADHD comparable to methylphenidate BUT the study quality was poor!!

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13
Q

What is the evidence behind use of valerian in improving ADHD?-most worrisome possible side effect?

A

In adults, valerian has been shown to be more effective than placebo in clinical randomized trials for improving sleep disorders and insomnia-no studies in children-most common side effects: GI upset and headache but most worrisome possible side effect is in people with Grave’s disease due to inhibiton of thyroid hormones

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14
Q

What is auditory stimulation in ADHD alternative therapy?

A

Tomatis method of sound training = based on hypothesis that focus and attention can be improved with a combination of auditory stimulation and listening training, using human voice and classical music…no controlled studies to date.

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15
Q

What is the role of biofeedback in treatment of ADHD?-what about hypnotherapy?

A

May be offered in cases where medication is not suitable:1. Poor response2. Significant side effects3. Parental and/or child refusal-involves substantial commitment from the child and the family however-hypnotherapy may be helpful in decreasing anxiety/stress related to ADHD; most helpful when integrated into multimodal treatment context. No studies have shown that it improves ADHD symptoms but does improve sleep disturbance or tics

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16
Q

Why has kava been banned?

A

Too many side effects!-Causes muscle weakness, rash, weight loss, increased HDL, hematuria, necrotizing hepatitis when combined with other herbs

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17
Q

What are side effects associated with use of blue-green algae in alternative therapy for ADHD?

A

Gastrointestinal symptoms, weakness, numbness, tingling-blue green algae can produce toxins AND be contaminated with animal feces, heavy metals, sewage

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18
Q

What are possible side effects of melatonin?

A
  1. Possible suppression of puberty2. Proconvulsant effects in children with neurological disabilities3. Headache/fatigue/irritability/sleepiness
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19
Q

What are the clinical features of postpartum blues?-timing?-how long does it last?

A

Emotional disturbance with crying, confusion, mood lability, anxiety and depressed mood-appear during the first week postpartum-lasts few hours to few days

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20
Q

What are the clinical features of postpartum psychosis?-timing?

A

Severe disorder with delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in functioning-begins within 4 weeks postpartum

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21
Q

What are the clinical features of postpartum depression?-how does the severity of symptoms compare with episodes of depression at other times?

A

Symptoms of depression (YOU KNOW THIS) that are present for at least one month and result in impairment of woman’s functioning-can last several months-compared with depression at other times, usually have more mild symptoms

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22
Q

What are risk factors for postpartum depression? (3)

A
  1. Family history of psychiatric disorders2. Depression symptoms during the pregnancy3. History of mood disorders
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23
Q

What are the prenatal consequences of maternal depression? (6)

A
  1. Inadequate prenatal care2. Poor nutrition3. Higher preterm birth4. Low birth weight5. Preeclampsia6. Spontaneous abortion
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24
Q

What are the consequences of maternal depression on infants? (5)

A

Depends if mom has hostile vs. withdrawn affect1. Lower cognitive performance2. Passivity3. Withdrawal4. Self-regulatory behaviour (ie. sucking on thumb)5. Dysregulated attention and arousal6. Internalize an angry and protective style of coping

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25
Q

What are the consequences of maternal depression on toddlers? (5)

A
  1. Passive noncompliance2. Less mature expression of autonomy3. Internalizing and externalizing problems4. Lower interaction5. Less creative play
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26
Q

True or false: boys are more sensitive than girls to the effects of postpartum depression in their mother.

A

True! May develop poorer cognitive functioning as a result

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27
Q

True or false: there is no association between ADHD in children and maternal mental health

A

FALSE!

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28
Q

What are factors that may exacerbate parental depression? (6)

A
  1. Marital conflict2. Stressful life events3. Limited social support4. Poverty5. Lower socioeconomic status6. Lower maternal education
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29
Q

True or false: infants of depressed mothers interacted better with their nondepressed fathers who could “buffer” the effects of the mother’s depression on infant interaction behaviour

A

True!

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30
Q

What are sources of resiliency in children with depressed parents?

A

Easy-going, robust temperament making them less vulnerable to their depressed parents’ negative behaviour-good social and cognitive skills that help them receive positive attention from adults other than their depressed parents. Also helps reduce their depressed parent’s feeling of noncompetence and rejection-ability to understand that they are not to blame for the parent’s illness-related behaviour

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31
Q

What should the selection of an antidepressant for prenatal or postpartum depression be based on?

A
  1. Previous response to antidepressants2. Experience of adverse effects3. Risk of interactions with concurrent meds4. Published adverse effects associated with breastfeeding
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32
Q

How can you reduce infant’s exposure to SSRIs in a mother who is taking SSRIs while breastfeeding?

A

Pump and dump approximately 8-9 hrs after the mother has taken the medication

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33
Q

A school-age child in your practice has a depressed mother. To decrease the negative effects on the child, what can you recommend?

A
  1. Family therapy to improve resiliency in the child and help the family focus on communication about the illness2. Psychotherapy for the depressed parent
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34
Q

Can St. John’s wort be used during pregnancy?

A

No data on reproductive safety so DO NOT recommend as safe therapy during pregnancy

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35
Q

What are useful questions to elicit information about postpartum depression?

A
  1. How are you feeling about being a new mother?2. Are you enjoying your baby?3. Do you find that your baby is easy or difficult to care for?4. How are things going in your family?5. Are you getting enough rest?6. How is your appetite?7. During the past month, have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless?8. During the past month, have you often been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing things?
36
Q

When is the peak prevalence of postpartum depression?

A

3 months post partum

37
Q

Does the use of antidepressant medication have risk of teratogenicity? What about long term effects on neurodevelopment of the child? What about bad effects of antidepressant medication during lactation?

A

No to all questions?

38
Q

What is the Lovaas method of autism treatment?-how effective is this?

A

Behavioural intervention intended to build positive behaviours (ie. language) and suppress unwanted behaviuors (ie. self stim or aggression)-positively reinforce desired behaviour and ignore or punish unwanted behaviour-discrete trial training = present a stimulus, watch the child’s response, and provide a consequence-key is to start this intervention as early as possible (2-3 years of 40 hr per week of treatment applied by therapists and families)

39
Q

What is the difference between normalized teaching and discrete trial training for children with autism?-which is more effective?

A

Discrete trial training: highly structured sessions in which the child and teacher are seated and the pace is set by the teacher, the stimuli is presented by the teacher repeatedly until the desired response is given-normalized teaching: loosely structured sessions that occur during the child’s play and are paced by the child. The child chooses which stimuli will precede a response opportunity and thus this changes from session to session-multiple case studies show that normalized training was more effective than discrete trial training

40
Q

Which of the SSRIs has the shortest half life?-longest half life?

A

Fluvoxemine-longest half life: fluoxetine

41
Q

Which SSRI can cause prolonged QT?

A

Citalopram (dose dependent)

42
Q

What are features of serotonin syndrome?

A
  1. Agitation2. Tremors3. Tachycardia4. Diaphoresis5. Fever6. Autonomic symptoms7. Ataxia8. Myoclonus
43
Q

What medications can have interactions with St. John Wort’s? (4)

A
  1. OCP2. Warfarin3. Theophylline4. Cyclosporine
44
Q

What are the 6 SSRIs available in Canada?

A
  1. Fluoxetine - Prozac2. Sertraline - Zoloft3. Citalopram - Celexa4. Escitalopram - Cipralex5. Fluvoxamine - Luvox6. Paroxetine - Paxil
45
Q

What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs?

A

Block reuptake and increase concentration of serotonin within the synapse-some may also influence other neurotransmitters (dopamine and norepinephrine) leading to differences in effectiveness and adverse effects

46
Q

Which SSRI has the highest incidence of withdrawal symptoms on abrupt discontinuation? Which SSRI has the lowest incidence?

A

Highest incidence: -ParoxetineLowest incidence:-Fluoxetine

47
Q

Are laboratory investigations routinely required before initiating or maintaining SSRI medication use?

A

No!-Would only consider lab investigations to rule out other causes of depression (hypothyroidism), to assess comorbid medical conditions (hepatic impairment) or to monitor therapeutic drug levels of meds used in combo with SSRI (ie. valproic acid)

48
Q

SSRIs are metabolized through which route?

A

Hepatic

49
Q

Which SSRI has the most evidence supporting its efficacy in children? -In adolescents?Which SSRI has shown negative efficacy in treatment of child and adolescent depression?

A

Fluoxetine - only fluoxetine has demonstrated benefit over placebo in children

50
Q

What are common side effects of SSRIs (5)?

A
  1. Sleep disturbance (too much or too little)2. Sexual dysfunction3. Appetite changes4. Headaches5. GI symptoms
51
Q

Which SSRI has been associated with dose-dependent QT prolongation?

A

Citalopram if dosages > 40 mg/kg/day-congenital long QT syndrome is a contraindication for citalopram usage

52
Q

What is the current thinking surrounding SSRI use and suicidality?

A

Multiple systematic reviews have found that:-the potential benefits of SSRI use outweight the potential harms (more risk of committing suicide with untreated depression, few suicide attempts and no completed suicides across any RCTs)

53
Q

When starting a patient on SSRI, how often should clinical monitoring and follow-up occur?

A

-Weekly for the first four weeks following initiation-q2wks for the next month-at 3 months-then as clinically indicated beyond the 3 month markShould include evaluation of suicidal thoughts and medication side effectsShould counsel patients not to abruptly stop SSRI (except fluoxetine)

54
Q

How long should SSRI therapy be continued?

A

Once complete response is achieved with the medication at a steady dose, should continue for minimum 6-12 months to decrease risk of depressive relapse

55
Q

How should an SSRI be discontinued?

A

-Slow taper-Should occur during a relatively stress free time (ie. during the summer)-In complex patients, should `consider psychiatry consult before stopping medication

56
Q

What is the medication of choice for treatment of childhood anxiety disorders?

A

SSRIs - studied in randomized placebo-controlled trials

57
Q

When should you consider SSRI in treatment of anxiety symptoms (2)?

A
  1. If anxiety is severe or significantly impairing2. If child is unable to benefit from psychotherapy
58
Q

In a patient with anxiety, what condition should you screen for before starting an SSRI?

A

Bipolar disorder - personal or family history-those with history should be referred to psych

59
Q

In RCTs for youth, which SSRI has been shown to be the most superior for treatment of:-depression-anxiety

A

Depression - fluoxetineAnxiety - none! All show same effectiveness**Thus, in anxiety, selection of SSRI (fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline) is based less on evidence of efficacy and more on tolerability and family history of SSRI responsiveness among first-degree relatives

60
Q

What are the three most significant factors that impact children’s well-being during the process of parental separation or divorce?

A
  1. Quality of parenting2. Quality of parent-child interaction3. Degree, frequency, intensity and duration and hostile conflict
61
Q

Which two vaccines should especially be promoted for street-involved youth?

A
  1. Hepatitis B2. HPV
62
Q

What does HEEADSSS consist of?

A

HomeEducationEatingActivitiesDrugsSexualitySuicideSafety

63
Q

PTSD criteria

A 
>1 mo
Secondary to actual or threatened death/injury to self or others causing:
1. Re-experiencing of events
2. Avoidance
3. detachment
4. Increased arousal and sleep issues
64
Q

Name 4 Atypical antipsychotics

A 
Risperidone - risperidal
Quetiapine - seroquel
Olanzapine - zyprexa
Aripiprazole - abilify
Clozapine - clozaril
Ziprasidone - geodon
65
Q

Atypical antipsychotic indications

A 
Severe agitation, 
psychosis, 
mania, 
aggressiveness
Tourette 
stereotypical movements
self abuse
66
Q

Atypical antipsychotics side effects

A

Weight gain
Risk of anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation)
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (hyperthermia,hyporeflexia, rigidity, mental status changes, elevated CK, tachypnea, tachycardia)
Risperidone: increases prolactin and prolongs QT
Quetiapine and olanzapine: sedating

67
Q

Name 4 ADHD meds

A 
STIMULANTS
methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)
Dextroamphetamine (dexedrine, Adderall)
PRESYNAPTIC NOREPI TRANSPORT INHIBITOR
Atomoxetine (Strattera)
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
guanfacine (Intuniv)
68
Q

ADHD MEDS : stimulant side effects

A 
Insomnia
Decreased appetite
Wt loss
Irritability, tearfulness
H/a
Elevated Systolic BP
Lower sz threshold
Abdo pain
Develop or worsen tics
Sudden cardiac death/MI
69
Q

ADHD MEDS: presynaptic norepi transporter inhibitor side effects

A

Decreased appetite and wt

Increased BP and HR

70
Q

Name 3 SSRI

A 
Fluoxetine - Prozac
Paroxetine - Paxil
Sertraline - Zoloft
Fluvoxamine - Luvox
Citalopram - Celexa/Lexapro
Venlafaxine - effexor
71
Q

SSRI side effects

A

Increase suicidal ideation in children and asolescents (but not suicidality)
GI N/V/D
CNS h/a, insomnia, jitteriness
Tremor
Serotonin sd
-withdrawal with Paroxetine (short halflife)

72
Q

Bupropion (wellbutrin) uses and side effects

A 
Depression, ADHD
Sz
Agitation,
Wt loss
Rash
Nocturia
Mania
Flu-like symptoma
73
Q

Name 3 mood stabilizers

A 
Lithium
Carbazepine - tegretol
Valproic acid - depakene
Lamotrigine - lamictil
Gabapentin -neurontin
Topiramate -topamax
74
Q

Lithium side effects

A 
Used for bipolar cycling
Gi diaturbance
Tremor
Ataxia
Confusion
Coma
Death
Hypothyroidism
75
Q

Med that causes agranulocytosis?

A

Clozapine

76
Q

Traditional antipsychotics. Name 2

A 
Chlorpromazine - thorazine
Haloperidol - haldol
Trifluoroperazine - stelazine
Thiothixine - navane
Mesoridazine - serentil
77
Q

Clonidine indication and side effects

A

Aggressivity. ADHD. Second line tics.

Sedation, bradycardia. Withdrawal. Sudden death with stimulant

78
Q

Guanfacine side effects

A

Intuniv. Indicated in Aggression associated with ADHD and tics.
Sedation
H/a
Hypotension

79
Q

Serotonin sd

A 
Within hours-days from taking dose
Clinical dg, one of:
Clonus (spontaneous)
Clonus (induced) and agitation/diaphoresis
Clonus (ocular) and agitation/diaphoresis
Tremor/hyperreflexia
Hypertonia
Temp >38 C and clonus

May also have dry mucous membranes, increased BS,

80
Q

Serotonin sd tx

A

Benzos
Cyproheptadine
Supportive

81
Q

NMS tx

A

Bromocriptine

82
Q

NMS criteria

A 
Dopamine antagonist within last 72h
Hyperthermia (>38C oral x2)
Rigidity
Mental status changes
High CK
High HR and RR
Labile sympathetic nervous system (at least two of: hypertension, BP changes within last 24h, diaphoresis, urinary incontinence)
Negative w/u for other causes
83
Q

PTSD diagnostic criteria

A
  1. exposure to actual or threatened danger
  2. Intrusion = instruive memories, dreams, flashbacks, childplay
  3. Avoidance of stimuli that remind of events
  4. Negative alterations : inability to experience happy emotions, decreased interest, negatie beliefs of oneself or the world.
  5. Hyperarousal and reactivity : exaggerated strartle, hypervigilance, angry outbursts
  6. > 1 month
  7. Causes distress
  8. Not caused by substance or other medical condition
84
Q

Schizophrenia dg criteria

A

Two or more (at least one positive):
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech
4. Disorganized/catatonic behaviour
5. Negative symptoms(diminished emotions)
>6 months with at least >1 month symptoms
Not bipolar/depression/schizoaffective disorder
Not substance or medicL condition
Causes distress
If ASD need hallucinations/delusions for dg

85
Q

ADHD hyperactivity

A
  1. Fidgets/squirms
  2. Leaves seat
  3. Runs/climbs
  4. No quiet play
  5. “On the go”
  6. Talk excessively
  7. Blurts out answer before question completed
  8. Does not wait turn
  9. Interrupts
86
Q

ADHD inattention

A
  1. Careless mistakes
  2. Difficulty sustaining attention
  3. Does not seem to listen
  4. Does not follow through instructions
  5. Difficulty irganizing tasks
  6. Avoids tasks that require sustained mental effort
  7. Loses things
  8. Easily distracted
  9. Forgetful

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