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Psychology A level component 3 > Mental Health: basics > Flashcards

Mental Health: basics Flashcards

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1
Q

why is it important for us to understand how views of mental health have changed

A

because we can then discover more methods of treating mental illness as they do not work/ not available to everyone in todays society

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2
Q

Why does our treatment of mental illness need to change

A
  • Not working for everyone (medication/therapy)
  • Not working at all (Social sensitivity
  • Might not be effective anymore/outdated
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3
Q

Ancient beliefs about causes of mental illness

and give example of treatment used

A

Supernatural phenomenon - demonic possession
-Great Gods passing judgement

Trepariation (hole in skull)
spend night in temple of healing god

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4
Q

Middle ages beliefs about causes of mental illness

and give example of treatment used

A

caused by sin/demonic
imbalance of the four humours (phlegm, blood, bile and black bile)

exorcisms
shaved cross on their head
blood letting (leaches)

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5
Q

16th - 17th century beliefs about causes of mental illness

and give example of treatment used

A

victims of witch hunts (lunacy) seen as dangerous and treated like animals

locked-up
discipline
straight jackets

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6
Q

18th century beliefs about causes of mental illness

and give example of treatment used

A

growth of humanitarian view, and development of mesmerisation

blood letting
tranquilisation
gyrator (spinning chair)

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7
Q

19th century beliefs about causes of mental illness

and give example of treatment used

A

mental illness was a threat to the public safety, later asylums were opened and psychoanalysis (Freud) was developed

assessed and sent to different institutions based on nature of their condition
baptism - religious reasoning

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8
Q

20th century beliefs about causes of mental illness

and give example of treatment used

A

Caused by biology and something that could be treated not confined

teeth removal
psychotherapy talking therapies
drugs
ECT

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9
Q

21st century (and moving forward) beliefs about causes of mental illness

and give example of treatment used

A

more of a biological understanding and the impact of the environment (drugs, lifestyle)

Psychotherapy (competent)
medications
family therapies as well as client centred therapy
alongside therapy and drugs

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10
Q

what are Rosenhans and Seligman’s definitions of abnormality

A
  • Statistical infrequencies
  • Deviation from social norms
  • Failure to function adequately
  • Deviations from ideal mental health
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11
Q

key features of the ICD 10

A
  • developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO)
  • used around the world over 30 countries use it including the UK
  • publically available/accessible, although some criteria may see vague –> this is up to the judgement of the doctor to assess the severity of the symptoms
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12
Q

key features of the DSM 5

A
  • developed by American psychiatric association

- only really used in western cultures (ethnocentric)

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13
Q

What are some of the similarities between the ICD 10 and DSM 5

A
  • depression = last for a reuccuring 2 weeks

- Phobias = they both describe the same symptoms

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14
Q

What are some of the differences between the ICD 10 and DSM 5

A

ICD 10:

  • schizophrenia = 1 or more of the symptoms
  • Phobias = no duration of the phobia

DSM 5:

  • schizophrenia = 2 or more of the symptoms
  • Phobia = last at least 6 months
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15
Q

What are anxiety disorders and give some exampes

A

These give a feeling of continuous fear and anxiety which is disabling and can impose on daily functioning. They can be triggered by something that may seem trivial to others
e.g. social anxiety, OCD, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, phobia

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16
Q

What are affective disorders and give some examples

A

Characteristics of mood disorders or affective disorders are disabling moods, the disorder prevents the individual from leading a normal life, at work, socially or within their family
e.g. depression, bipolar

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17
Q

What are psychotic disorders and give some examples

A

Psychosis is the general term for disorders that involve loss of contact with reality. They often are characterized by delusions and disorganized speech or behaviour. It can lead to withdrawal from the outside world
e.g. schizophrenia

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18
Q

What is the biochemical explanation of mental illness

A

Focuses on how our bodies chemicals (hormone, neurotransmitters) can link to psychological disorders, being that if these chemicals become unbalanced or unregulated, they can lead to certain behaviours or symptoms commonly associated with some mental illnesses

19
Q

Define Neurons

A

Cells within the nervous system that are designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, c=muscles or gland cells

20
Q

Define Synapse

A

Space between neurons, chemicals pass space, synapse are found where nerve cells connect with other nerve cells

21
Q

Define Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger that carries, boosts and modulates signals to a nerve synapse

22
Q

Define Axon terminal

A

Slender nerve fiber at the end branch of a nerves axon, conducts electrical signals to a nerve synapse

23
Q

Define Dendrites

A

Structures on the neuron that receive electrical messages

24
Q

What is the main function of serotonin and what are its links to mental illness

A 
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, its main functions are:
-mood regulator
-bowel movements
-appetite
-sleep
-growth hormone
-social behaviour and aggression
its links to mental illness are:
depression --> serotonin is not passed through as there are fewer receptors so it is re-absorbed and not passed through
25
Q

What is the main function of Dopamine and what are its links to mental illness

A 
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, its main functions are:
-movement
-memory
-attention
-sleep
-reward
-learning
its links to mental illness are:
Schizophrenia --> Too much dopamine being passed through and too many receptor sites taking up dopamine
26
Q

What is the main function of Noradrenaline and what are its links to mental illness

A

Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter, its main functions are:
-constricts blood flow so blood is redirected to main organs like heart
-more energy to muscles = ‘fight or flight’
-too much Noradrenaline going through neurons causes anxiety
its links to mental illness are:
Anxiety –> Too much Noradrenaline causes anxiety because it causes the ‘fight or flight’ response. Drugs for anxiety, block the receptor sites, constricting the amount of noradrenaline

27
Q

What is one research finding of brain abnormality linked to depression

A

25% decrease in grey matter in the hippocampus in depressed people (brain plasticity), suggesting that drugs are not needed but therapy is because its just not getting used

28
Q

What are the benefits and limitations of anti-depressents

A

+ Prevent depression
+ Restore emotional balance
+ Increase receptor sites
+ 50-60% of people will see an improvement

  • When stop taking, increase chance of depression coming back
  • Take a while to start to work but may take longer for the symptoms to actually relieve
  • Have to be taken over a long period - take about 4 weeks to work
29
Q

What are the benefits and limitations of anti-anxiety drugs

A

+ Medication and therapy can be used to reduce the symptoms of anxiety
+ Prevent panic from happening

  • Side effects = Stomach ache, confusion and depression
  • Take about 4-6 weeks to work
30
Q

What are the benefits and limitations of anti-psychotics

A

+ Fewer side effects
+ No major disastrous reaction
+ No risk of long term problems

  • Weight gain
  • Health problems
  • About 60% of people stop taking them
31
Q

What is the cognitive triad

A

Aaron Beck formed the idea that there are 3 main cognition’s in people with depression
negative thoughts about the world, the future and the self
this has now become known as the cognitive triad and can be linked to many different mental illnesses that might have a cognitive basis

32
Q

What is over-generalization and how can it be expressed as a thought

A

A course of thinking where you apply the experience and generalize it to all experiences, including those in the future
e.g. when you failed an exam you may feel like you will fail at everything

33
Q

What is filtering and how can it be expressed as a thought

A

They often alter your words to fit their own preconceptions or to suit their own ideas
e.g. If they don’t do as well as they thought they did they may say they’ve failed

34
Q

What is catastrophising and how can it be expressed as a thought

A

Believing something is far worse than it actually is

e.g. When you failed an exam, you may feel like you will fail at everything

35
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and what might be preventing someone from achieving each of these needs

A 
Physiological = eating disorder, insomnia, homelessness and poverty
Safety = Anxiety, poverty
Love/belonging = autism, social anxiety
Esteem = Depression, anxiety
Self-actualization = autism
36
Q

What is the actualizing tendency and how might it lead to mental illness

A

One part of the person centered therapy approach developed by Carl Rodgers.
The actualizing tendency is when everyone has the motivation to fulfill their potential with the right environmental conditions, We develop values based on what feelings are encouraged and discouraged in everyday life
Might lead to depression if not in the right environment/ people around them encouraging negativity and discouraging positivity

37
Q

What is the concept of the self and how might it lead to mental illness

A

One part of the person centered therapy approach developed by Carl Rodgers
The concept of the self is when we all hold an image of our self in our mind as we currently are (perceived actual self) and an image of who we would like to be (ideal self)
Could lead to depression if the perceived is negative and the ideals positive as these are unreachable and two extremes

38
Q

How does a therapist show congruence

A

The therapist shows congruence to show they are genuine and real. Allows client to build a trusting relationship and rapport with therapist, being open and honest back

39
Q

How does a therapist show unconditional positive regard

A

The therapist shows unconditional positive regard so the client can open up without fear of being judged or criticized

40
Q

How does a therapist show empathy

A

The therapist tries to understand the thoughts and feelings as the client experiences them. This will allow the client to accept their feelings

41
Q

What is flooding, how does it work and what disorders is it often used for

A

-Forcing someone to encounter their fear and then use relaxation techniques to help them overcome the situation.
A form of extreme classical conditioning
-Phobias = exposing them to their fear

42
Q

What is aversion therapy, how does it work and what disorders is it often used for

A
  • Unpleasant associations to help people stop unwanted or unhealthy behaviours
  • Alcoholic, dieting, using shock therapy as a form of punishment
43
Q

What is Token economies, how does it work and what disorders is it often used for

A
  • Rewarding people for god behaviour
  • Get tokens as a reward and the more tokens you get the bigger the reward they can get
  • Positively reinforced behaviour
  • Depression = encouraging positive behvaiour
44
Q

What is Systematic Desensitization, how does it work and what disorders is it often used for

A
  • Treatment using behaviorist explanations

- uses a fear hierarchy to break down the feared situations into manageable components

Psychology A level component 3 (6 decks)

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