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Mental health Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental wellbeing

A

a state of emotional and social health in which individuals can cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and contribute to their community

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2
Q

Functioning

A

how well an individual independently performs or operates in their environment
- independence
- setting goals
- development
- meeting the demands of everyday life

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3
Q

Resilience

A

the ability to cope and manage change and uncertainty
- capacity to recover
- manage stress

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4
Q

social wellbeing

A

the ability to have satisfying relationships and interactions with others
- feeling connected
- valued

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5
Q

Emotional wellbeing

A

ability to control emotions and express themselves appropriately
- feeling balanced
- normal range of emotions
- having coping strategies
- respond appropriately

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6
Q

Functioning - high levels

A
  • use appropriate hygiene practices
  • maintain employment
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7
Q

Functioning - low levels

A
  • not using basic hygiene practices
  • stop eating
  • can’t get out of bed to go to work
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8
Q

Resilience - high levels

A
  • having coping flexibility
  • able to resolve issues
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9
Q

Resilience - low levels

A
  • poor coping flexibility
  • inability to cope well with change
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10
Q

Social wellbeing - high levels

A
  • develop and maintain healthy relationships
  • feel self-confident alone or with others
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11
Q

Social wellbeing - low levels

A
  • having difficulty resolving conflicts within relationships
  • struggle to maintain relationships
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12
Q

Emotional wellbeing - high levels

A
  • regulate emotions
  • express a range of emotions in a suitable manner
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13
Q

Emotional wellbeing - low levels

A
  • not able to control their emotions
  • inability to work independently
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14
Q

Connection to culture

A

a link to identity, values, traditions and time to help guide future behaviours and beliefs
ie. speaking the language

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15
Q

Connection to country

A

the connections made with the land and links to culture and language
ie. people should take what they need from the land and nothing more

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16
Q

Connection to spirituality and ancestors

A

connections to past, present and future
belief that ancestors are interconnected with country
ie. feeling like ancestors will watch over and provide guidance

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17
Q

Connection to body

A

our body and physical health, connecting to our physical body will assist us in being able to engage in our daily life
ie. maintaining a healthy diet and body weight

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18
Q

Connection to mind and emotions

A

our ability to manage our thoughts and feelings
ie. having confidence and self-esteem

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19
Q

Connection to family and kinship

A

link to family and the wider community
ie. spending time with family

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20
Q

Connection to community

A

links to wider community outside of family ties that provide support
ie. services in community that provide assistance when needed

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21
Q

Mental wellbeing continuum

A

allows us to track the fluctuating mental wellbeing, ranging from high (functioning independently and coping with everyday demands of life) to low (distressed and unable to meet the demands of their environment for long periods of time)

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22
Q

Mental disorder

A

something that can interfere with a person’s thoughts, emotions, perceptions and behaviours and disrupts normal functioning
ie. anxiety, depression, phobias

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23
Q

High level of mental wellbeing

A
  • cope and manage life’s challenges, including change and uncertainty
  • can think logically
  • manage emotions
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24
Q

Moderate level of mental wellbeing

A
  • difficulty concentrating or thinking clearly
  • loss of energy
  • socially withdrawn
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25
Q

Low levels of mental wellbeing

A
  • may not be able to operate in daily life
  • signs of distress
  • shows signs for more than 2 weeks
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26
Q

Advantages of continuum

A
  • decreased stigma
  • increased ability to see functioning has improved
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27
Q

Disadvantages of continuum

A
  • difficult to know when to treat and intervene
28
Q

Internal factors

A

influences that originate within a person
ie. genetic predisposition

29
Q

External factors

A

those that originate outside of a person
ie. breakup, level of education

30
Q

Stress

A

a state of physiological and psychological tension produced by internal and external stressors that are perceived by the individual as exceeding their ability to cope
- can be helpful

31
Q

Anxiety

A

a state of psychological and physiological arousal associated with feelings of apprehension, worry or uneasiness that something unpleasant is about to happen
- unhelpful

32
Q

Specific phobia

A

a persistent, irrational and intense fear of a particular object or event
- fear of a single specific object
- diagnosable (needs treatment)

33
Q

Symptoms of a phobic stimulus

A
  • involuntary anxiety response
  • increased heart rate
  • increased blood pressure
  • sweating
  • shortness of breath
  • dizziness
34
Q

Steps of GABA dysfunction

A
  1. GABA is a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
  2. role in inhibiting post-synaptic neurons from firing
  3. GABA dysfunction results in low levels of GABA
  4. causes excessive firing of neurons
  5. leads to increased anxiety. easily triggered fight-flight-freeze response
  6. puts individual at a predisposition to developing a phobia
35
Q

Precipitation through classical conditioning (psychological determinant - behavioural model)

A

precipitating factor - develops phobia
1. repeated pairing of a NS with fear can create a phobia
2. NS becomes CS associated with fear

36
Q

Classical conditioning (before, during and after conditioning steps)

A

BC:
1. NS (soon to be feared object) no response
2. UCS (action that causes fear of object) causes UCR (fear response)
DC:
1. NS presented repeatedly before UCS
2. cause UCR
AC:
1. CS=NS (object) causes CR=UCR (fear) even without presence of UCS (action)
Results in phobia developed.

37
Q

Steps of long-term potentiation (biological determinant)

A
  1. strengthening of connections between neurons as they are repeatedly coactivated
  2. each time the phobic stimulus is encountered and a fear response is produced, it strengthens the neural pathway for the phobia
  3. decreasing likelihood it will be forgotten
38
Q

Perpetuation through operant conditioning (psychological determinant - behavioural model)

A

perpetuation factors - maintains phobia
1. avoidance of phobic stimulus provides negative reinforcement
2. increases likelihood of avoidance occuring again in future
antecedent: sees phobic stimulus
behaviour: avoids stimulus
consequence: feels relieved when avoiding phobic stimulus therefore likely to repeat behaviour in future

39
Q

Memory bias (psychological determinant - cognitive bias)

A

memories reconstructed to be worse than the actual event
1. leads individual to recall experience as negative
2. strengthens phobia, associates phobic stimulus with past experience

40
Q

Catastrophic thinking (psychological determinant - cognitive bias)

A

overestimates the potential dangers of situation and underestimate their ability to cope
1. strengthens phobic response
2. stimulus becomes associated with bad consequences

41
Q

Specific environmental triggers (social determinant)

A

developing a phobia after a direct negative with an object or situation

42
Q

Stigma around receiving treatment (social determinant)

A
  • phobias involve irrational thoughts and behaviors towards their phobic stimulus, makes it difficult for others to empathise with sufferer
  • may feel shame and reject treatment
43
Q

Adequate nutrition and hydration (biological protective factor)

A
  • adequate diet provides energy, healthy growth, brain development
  • will not cause or prevent the development of a mental disorder
    adequate diet includes:
  • water for regulating bodily processes
  • protein for growth
44
Q

Adequate nutrition and hydration (biological protective factor) effects

A
  • improves mood
  • improves sleep
  • maintains healthy brain functioning
45
Q

Adequate sleep (biological protective factor) effects

A
  • poor sleep linked to mental illness
  • decrease resilience, impair problem solving
46
Q

Cognitive behavioural strategies (psychological protective factors)

A

structured psychological treatments that recognise that the way a person’s way of thinking (cognition) and active (behaviour) affects the way you feel
- a person works with a professional to identify, evaluate and change unhelpful patterns of thinking and behaviours that cause high levels of anxiety

47
Q

Mindfulness meditation (psychological protective factor)

A

attempts to increase feelings of calm by focusing attention on sense and current feelings
- lowers stress
- decreases rumination (stop thinking about something again and again)

48
Q

Support from family and friends (social protective factors)

A

social support - the assistance, care or empathy provided by people for each other
- decreases psychological stress, increases their ability to cope

49
Q

What does support provide from family and friends (social protective factors)?

A
  • increases resilience
  • reduces social isolation
  • sufferers have a sense of belonging
50
Q

Appraisal support

A

help from another that improves someone’s understanding of their mental health problems and the strategies to deal with it

51
Q

Tangible assistance

A

the provision of services, financial assistance or goods

52
Q

Informational support

A

providing information on symptoms and how to cope with mental health problem

53
Q

Emotional support

A

assistance comes through expression of empathy, reassurance that the person is cared for

54
Q

Determinants on wellbeing

A

any factors that could potentially have an influence on a person’s overall wellbeing

55
Q

Cultural determinants

A

understanding how we individually connect with our culture that influences their wellbeing

56
Q

Cultural continuity

A

maintaining and the passing down of cultural traditions and values from generation to generation
ie. info passed down through dance, storytelling

57
Q

Self-determination

A

aboriginal and torres strait islander communities having the right to make their own economic, social and cultural decisions without outside interference
ie. being proud of who you are

58
Q

What are ways that we can change our thinking?

A
  • consider the evidence
  • consider alternative explanations
  • consider the likelihood
  • consider if there is a more helpful way of of thinking about it
59
Q

Benzodiazepine (biological intervention)

A
  1. low levels of GABA in brain
  2. GABA agonist (benzodiazepine) stimulates GABA activity in brain
  3. causes post-synaptic receptor to be more receptive to GABA
  4. leads to a state of relaxation and calm/ inhibitory effect
60
Q

Breathing retraining (biological intervention)

A
  1. when faced with phobic stimulus it triggers an anxiety response that involves fast and shallow breaths and activation of sympathetic nervous system
  2. psychologist teaches patient with anxiety breathing techniques like breathing slowly to help them consciously control their breath
  3. patient applies techniques when faced with phobic stimulus to induce relaxation and stimulate parasympathetic nervous system
61
Q

Systematic desensitisation (psychological intervention

A
  1. individual with phobia would learn relaxation techniques. They would develop a fear hierarchy (least fear provoking stimulus at bottom and most at top)
  2. psychologist helps individual pair least fear provoking stimuli with relaxation technique until this produces a new conditioned response of relaxation
  3. individual would not advance to next stage until this is done successfully
62
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (psychological intervention)

A
  1. psychological intervention for a specific phobia that involves the substitution of dysfunctional cognition and behaviours for adaptive ones
  2. cognitive strategies replace negative thoughts with positive ones
  3. behavioural strategies replace negative (avoidance) behaviours with positive ones
63
Q

Psychoeducation

A

educating sufferer’s family about the nature of the illness

64
Q

Challenge unrealistic thoughts (social intervention)

A
  • challenge irrational thoughts through questioning
  • is there a more realistic way of thinking about the situation?
  • probability of it actually happening?
65
Q

Not encourage avoidance behaviours (social intervention)

A
  • gently encourage them to gradually approach phobic stimulus
  • entice them with positive reinforcement

Psychology (6 decks)

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