Learning

Question 1

Classical conditioning
- role of learner
- type of response

Answer 1

learner is passive
response is involuntary

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

learning occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli

Question 3

Classical conditioning steps

Answer 3

before conditioning:
- UCS results in UCR
- NS no response
during conditioning:
- NS repeatedly presented before UCS resulting in UCR
after conditioning:
- CR to the CS without presence of UCS

Question 4

Factors affecting classical conditioning

Answer 4

1. nature of response - UCR is an involuntary response
2. association of stimuli - two unconnected stimuli become associated
3. timing - NS presented before UCS (2.5 seconds and less)

Question 5

Contiguity

Answer 5

formation of an association between two events when they occur in close together in time or space

Question 6

Operant conditioning

Answer 6

behaviours are strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences that follow

Question 7

Operant conditioning
- role of learner
- type of response

Answer 7

learner is active
response is voluntary

Question 8

Operant conditioning steps

Answer 8

1. antecedent
2. behaviour
3. consequence

Question 9

positive and negative reinforcement

Answer 9

+ pleasant consequence
- remove unpleasant consequence
both will result in the likelihood of the behaviour increasing

Question 10

positive and negative punishment

Answer 10

+ add unpleasant consequence
- remove pleasant consequence
both will result in the likelihood of the behaviour decreasing

Question 11

Factors influencing the effectiveness of operant conditioning

Answer 11

1. order of presentation
   - reinforcement presented after desired response
   - punishment presented after undesired response
2. timing - less effective with longer delay between presentation of consequence and response
3. appropriateness - consequence needs to be seen as desirable or undesirable for learning to be effective

Question 12

Side effects of punishment

Answer 12

• feelings of aggression towards punisher
• feelings of helplessness of punisher
• does not teach good behaviour

Question 13

Observational learning
- role of learner
- type of response

Answer 13

learner is active
response is voluntary

Question 14

Observational learning

Answer 14

individual uses observation of a model’s behaviour and the consequences they receive to guide their future behaviour

Question 15

Observational learning steps

Answer 15

attention: actively focuses on model’s behaviour and consequence
retention: forms a mental representation of the mode;s behaviour and consequence
reproduction: imitate behaviour, need the physical and intellectual capabilities
motivation: desire to replicate
reinforcement: need to be positively reinforced and behaviour is likely to increase

Question 16

External reinforcement

Answer 16

learning by consequences ie. you receive praise so your motivation to keep going increases

Question 17

Vicarious reinforcement/ punishment

Answer 17

viewing a model being reinforced/ punished to strengthen/ weaken behaviour of observer

Question 18

Self-reinforcement

Answer 18

we are reinforced by meeting standards that we set for ourselves

Question 19

Ways of knowing recognise that learning and teaching is…

Answer 19

• comes from human interaction and relationships
• holistic
• shared through oral/ verbal communication

Question 20

How are western and indigenous cultures different in terms of their ways of knowing?

Answer 20

Western:
-> individualism - focus on the rights and concerns of each person
-> values written word
Indigenous:
-> collectivist kinship structure - people think of themselves in terms of their connection with other people and their community
-> values oral word, preservation of traditions

Question 21

Multimodal systems of knowledge

Answer 21

• story sharing ie. dreamtime stories
  ie. students tell personal stories about content learnt
• symbols and images ie. artwork representing landmarks
  ie. images of human nervous system
• deconstruct reconstruct ie. study text as a whole then break it down

Question 22

Embedded in relationships (ways of knowing)

Answer 22

knowledge systems lasted for many years due to the intimate and respectful relationship present with people and country

Question 23

Country (ways of knowing)

Answer 23

refers to traditional lands of particular cultural groups and the spiritual, emotional and intellectual connection to it

Question 24

How can the model influence the observer in observational learning?

Answer 24

• similarity
• attractiveness
• likeability
• credibility
• prestige