Mental disorders Flashcards
anorexia nervosa
- Persistent restriction of energy intake –> leads to significantly low body weight (BMI below 18.5)
- Intense fear of weight gain, or persistent behaviors that interfere with weight gain
- Disturbance in the way one views their body - lack of recognition severe underweight is bad
Subtypes: restricting type or binge-eating/purging type
impacts of anorexia nervosa
- Secondary amenorrhea
- Low bone density
- Cardiorespiratory issues e.g hypotension, dysregulated heart rate
- Abnormal renal and liver function
- Electrolyte disturbances
- Hair loss and lanugo
- Extreme/severe impacts
what is bulimia nervosa
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating (discrete period of time and objectively large amount of food)
- Sense of lack of self control - cannot stop
- Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain
- Self induced vomiting , misuse of laxatives, diuretics, fasting , intense exercise
- Self evaluation - influenced by body weight and shape
impacts of bulimia nervosa
- Dental issues due to vomiting
- Electrolyte disturbances - vomiting
- Hidden impacts
what is a binge eating disorder
- Episodes of binge eating
- Eating rapidly
- Eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry
- Eating alone - embarrassment
Feeling disgusted and guilty afterwards
impacts of binge eating disorder
obesity related risk factors
cause of eating disorders??
sociocultural factors = large influence
- Exposure to the widespread slim ideal of female beauty
- restriction of foods
family - relationships, pressures
individual factors - personality, traumatic background etc.
what is anxiety - normal
- Response to objectively dangerous/ threatening situations
- Protection from harm
- Leads to a constructive action
becomes a disorder when it is distressing and impacts function
4 ways anxiety effects us
physiological , cognitive, affective, behavioural
what is abnormal anxiety?
- Degree of fear of object is disproportional to harm it actually has/ possible danger
- Inaccurate appraisal of threat to well being
- SNS activated by things that are of minor risk
- Over estimate both the danger and probability
- Occurs or continues to occur even though no objective danger exits
- Anxiety - anticipation of future threat
- Intensity, duration, impairs functionality –> social, vocational and psychological
panic disorder
recurrent unexpected panic attack
- Panic attack - at least 4 of these - 10 mins
○ Accelerated heart rate
○ Shortness of breath
○ Chest pain
○ Sweating
○ Trembling
○ Dizzy
○ Chills
○ Numbness
○ Fear of dying or loosing control
○ Feelings of choking
○ Depersonalisation - feel like being pulled out from back
○ Nausea
○ Palpitations
- At least one of attacks followed by 1 or more month of :
○ Persistent concern or worry about having more attacks/ consequences
○ Maladaptive change (change long term not useful as shut down world) in behaviour e.g scared about doing exercise - shortness of breath etc.
agoraphobia ?
- Comorbidity with panic disorder
- Conditions that can produce symptoms:……
- Marked fear or anxiety about two or more of:
○ Using public transport
○ Being in open spaces
○ Being in enclosed places
○ Standing in line or being in a crowd
○ Being outside of the home alone - And individual fears these or will avoid it , embarrassing symptoms
- Almost always provoke fear/anxiety
- Avoided/need a companion/endured with intense fear
- Out of proportion to actual danger posed
- Persistent - 6 months or more
- Causes significant stress or impairment
- Debilitating
Lower prevalence
specific phobia
- Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation e.g flying, blood, animals, injections
- Almost always provoke immediate fear/anxiety
- Avoided or endured with lots of fear
- Person recognizes it is unreasonable / excessive
- Persistant
- Avoidance, fear, anxiety , etc.
- Check not another disorder explains it
- Much higher prevalence, 7-11%
- E.g spider phobia, intense anxiety, run away and scream, physiological - racing heart, losing control feelings, going crazy , breathing , overwhelming terror, ‘leap at me’, behaviour - checking everywhere, avoidance, flee and scream
- Interfering with life
Separation anxiety
- Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached
- Normal about 3 months
- Abnormal around 6 years old - still have a need to be around parents
- Recurrent distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or attachment figures
- Worry about loosing figure or harm
- Worry about an event that causes separation
- Refusal to go out e.g school - due to fear
- Reluctance to be alone or without attachment figures in home or other settings
- Bed time can be a big issue , can have nightmares involving separation
- Physcial symptoms - headache, vomiting, stomach ache
- Persistant - children = 4 weeks, adults = 6 months
Social phobia:
- Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situation
- Fear act in a way/show anxiety symptoms
- Social situation almost always provoke anxiety
- Avoided or else endured with intense anxiety
- Fear is recognized as excessive/unreasonable
- Fear of being judged negatively
- Persistent - 6months +
Impairs function
schizophernia
Schizophrenia:
Requires 2 or more of the ‘common’, and at least one of 1/2/3
At least 6 months
Function deteriorates with every episode
Important to rule out other conditions
what is CBT
cognitive behavioural treatment
- Treatment of choice for all anxiety disorders and eating disorders
- Short term psychological treatment for mental disorders
- Focuses on the links between thoughts, emotions and behaviours
