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Behavioral Science > Mental Disorders > Flashcards

Mental Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Eustress

A

Positive type of stress; when you perceive a situation as challenging but motivating

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2
Q

Neustress

A

Neutral type of stress. When you are exposed to stress that doesn’t really directly or actively affect you. Ex: natural disaster occurring in another part of the world

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3
Q

Biomedical Approach

A

Focuses on biological, physical abnormalities

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4
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

Considers biological or physical factors BUT also takes into consideration psychological, environmental/ social causes.

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5
Q

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

A

Categorizes mental disorders based on symptoms. 20 top-level categories

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6
Q

ICD-10

A

International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. System from the WHO. 11 top-level categories

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7
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A

Distress/disability due to an abnormality in the development of the nervous system. Ex: intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and ADHD

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8
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Characterized by a variety of issues related to social and communication abilities. First symptoms include delayed language development and unusual communication patterns

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9
Q

Specific Learning Disabilities

A

All specific types were removed from DSM-5. Ex: Dyslexia, dyscalculia (math learning disorder), and dysgraphia (writing disorder)

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10
Q

Neurocognitive Disorders

A

loss of cognitive/other functions of the brain AFTER the nervous system has developed. Ex: delirium and dementia

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11
Q

Sleep-wake Disorders

A

Distress/disability from sleep-related issues. Ex: insomnia and breathing-related sleep disorders

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12
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Distress/disability from abnormal worry/fear

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13
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

False cognition leads to fear of humiliation, embarrassment, rejection, negative evaluation, or rejection by others

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14
Q

Selective Mutism

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by difficulty of speaking in social situations but the individual has a normal development of language and communication abilities

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15
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

Distress/disability from abnormally negative mood - feelings of hopelessness, loss of enjoyment in activities

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16
Q

Mood

A

Mood is not an emotion and it is also a subjective experience. It becomes an effect (how it is displayed to other)

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17
Q

Bipolar and Related Disorders

A

Abnormal negative mood but these may have periods of abnormally positive mood called mania. High levels of NE and serotonin

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18
Q

Mania

A

Characterized by little sleep, talking quickly, making bad decisions due to impaired judgement or based on bad assessment of risk or abilities of a task

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19
Q

Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic disorders

A

Distress/disability from psychosis - involves delusions or hallucinations. With psychosis, disorganized thinking can also occur.

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20
Q

Trauma/stressor-related Disorders

A

Distress/disability form occurs after stressful/traumatic events

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21
Q

Substance-related and Addictive Disorders

A

Distress/disability from abnormal use of substances that affect mental function. Ex: alcohol, drugs, tobacco, gambling, etc.

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22
Q

Personality Disorder

A

Distress/disability related to personality. Ten types of personality disorder. Patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired function. Three types of clusters: A, B, C

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23
Q

Cluster A

A

“weird - odd or eccentric behavior” - paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid

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24
Q

Cluster B

A

“wild - dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors” - antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

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25
Q

Cluster C

A

“worried - anxious or fearful behaviors” avoidant, dependent, OC

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26
Q

Disruptive, Impulse-control, and conduct disorders

A

Distress/disability from behaviors that are unacceptably disruptive or impulsive for someone’s culture

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27
Q

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

A

Distress/disability from obsessions or compulsions. Ex: obsession that hands are dirty, compulsion to wash them many times a day

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28
Q

Obsessions

A

thoughts that occur involuntarily, often unwelcome. Occur repeatedly

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29
Q

Compulsions

A

Activities that one must do and are often related to an obsession.

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30
Q

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

A

Mental disorders manifesting in physical (somatic) symptoms

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31
Q

Feeding and Eating Disorders

A

Distress/disability from behavioral abnormalities related to food. Ex: anorexia nervosa and bulimia

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32
Q

Elimination Disorders

A

Distress/disability from urinary/defecation at inappropriate times or places

33
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Distress/disability from abnormalities of identity or memory. Ex: multiple personalities or DID

34
Q

Sexual Dysfunctions

A

Distress/disability from abnormalities in or performance of sexual activity

35
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

Distress/disability caused by a person identifying as a different gender than society represents them as.

36
Q

Paraphilic Disorders

A

Distress/disability from having sexual arousal to unusual stimuli for a person’s culture.

37
Q

Other Disorders

A

Anything else that doesn’t fit into any of the other categories. Rare

38
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder. Genetic factors, birth trauma, marijuana use, family history, or other environmental factors. Abnormally high amounts of dopamine. Observe behavioral chances such as the way they think or act

39
Q

Prodrome

A

Leads to schizophrenia. Deterioration in person’s behavior and functioning

40
Q

Haloperidol

A

Antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia

41
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

Add something to behavior, cognition, or effect that a ‘normal’ individual does not experience. Ex: hallucinations or delusions

42
Q

Delusions

A

Ex: delusions of persecution, delusions of reference (ex: a person with schizophrenia might believe a billboard or someone on tv is sending them a message), delusions of grandeur, delusions of control (i.e. actions are controlled by someone else)

43
Q

Three categories of symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Cognitive, positive, or negative symptoms

44
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Refers to the absence of normal behaviors found in healthy individuals (ex: inexpressive face, flat voice, lack of eye contact, affective flattening (lack of emotional expression) and avolition (lack of interest or enthusiasm)), lack of interest in the world, and alogia (speech difficulties and abnormalities)

45
Q

Catatonic Schizophrenia

A

Includes extremes of behavior. For example, patient cannot speak, move, or response

46
Q

Biological Basis of Schizophrenia

A

Decreased size of cerebral cortex and mesocorticolimbic pathway is affected. High amount of dopamine. Frontal -> cognitive. Limbic -> negative symptoms. Temporal -> positive symptoms.

47
Q

Biological Basis of Depression

A

Abnormal activity in the frontal lobe and limbic structures. High glucocorticoids and low epinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. Neuroplasticity and genetics might play a role

48
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

two or more distinct personalities exist in a single body. Highly controversial.

49
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

Can’t recall past experiences

50
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Assumption of a new identity

51
Q

Depersonalization/ Derealization Disorder

A

Feeling detached from the mind and body or environment

52
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

Somatic symptom that causes disproportionate concerns

53
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

Preoccupation with thoughts about having or coming down with illness

54
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Associated with prior trauma, involves unexplained symptoms resulting in loss of body functions. We cannot explain these symptoms based on test or clinical exam. Ex: problems with speech, swallowing, seizures, or paralysis

55
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

One strongly believes he or she has a serious illness despite few or no symptoms

56
Q

Factitious Disorder

A

Munchausen’s syndrome - when you fake being sick and Munchausen’s by proxy - when one person makes another person appear sick

57
Q

Schizoid

A

Emotionally detached in relationships and shows little emotion

58
Q

Schizotypal

A

Odd beliefs/ magical thinking

59
Q

Histrionic

A

Attention seeking. Display emotions outwardly.

60
Q

Borderline

A

Unstable relationships, emotions are unstable, variable self-image, and compulsive.

61
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A

DIFFERENT THAN ODC. Very focused on life being ordered and things being perfect and for them being in control

62
Q

Sleep Wake Disorders

A

Sleep problems occur in three areas: brain, upper airways, or ling/chest

63
Q

Central Sleep Apnea

A

Central, sleep, and apnea (effects airflow)

64
Q

Cheynes-stoke breathing

A

Crescendo then decrescendo breathing followed by stop in breathing

65
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

When airways are obstructed. Soft tissues around our neck can relax and cause obstruction of airflow. At night can lead to snoring or daytime people feel tired/sleepy or unrefreshed

66
Q

Hypoventilation Disorder

A

Buildup of CO2 and decrease in O2. Due to narcotics or obesity

67
Q

Biological Basis of Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Genetic factors, brain atrophy, low levels of acetylcholine (due to lost of nucleus basalis that releases this neurotransmitter), senile plaques of B-amyloid, and tangles (tau proteins that clump together)

68
Q

Biological Basis of Parkinson’s Disease

A

Genetic mutations, bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, maslike facies, cogwheel rigidity, and shuffling gait. Motor abnormalities related to loss of dopaminergic neurons lost at the substantia nigra found in basal ganglia.

69
Q

Lewy bodies

A

abnormal structures inside dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra. They contain a protein called alpha synuclein that are clumped together in Parkinson’s

70
Q

Biological Basis Depression

A

Biological, psychological (learned helplessness, cognitive distortions, and attribution), sociocultural/environmental factors (co-rumination/empathy and low socioeconomic status).

71
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A

Trapped in negative thought pattern.

72
Q

Attribution

A

When you link negative experiences to internal causes. They think negative experiences will continue to occur in the future. Ex: friend doesn’t text you back, you internalize it and this is due to you not being likable

73
Q

Dependent Stressor

A

Depressed person would be expected to experience a

greater number of stressful events that he or she influences

74
Q

Independent stressor

A

(i.e., the death of a loved one) occurs without the

person’s influence.

75
Q

Hypomanic Episode

A

Period of abnormally elevated mood and abnormally
increased energy lasting at least 4 consecutive days; however, the episode is not severe enough to cause impairment in functioning or to require hospitalization.

76
Q

Manic Episode

A

A period of abnormally elevated mood and abnormally increased energy lasting at least 7 consecutive days; however, the episode is severe enough to cause impairment in functioning or to require hospitalization

77
Q

Bipolar I

A

when hypomania becomes manic w/ or w/o major depressive disorder.

78
Q

Bipolar II

A

when it remains hypomania and one major depressive episode. NO MANIC EPISODE

79
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

hypomania and dysthymia (chronic/ long term form of depression)

Behavioral Science (3 decks)

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