Menstruation Flashcards
is episodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes
menstrual cycle
What are the purposes of menstrual cycle?
- to bring an ovum to maturity
- renew a uterine tissue bed that will be necessary for the ova’s growth should it be fertilized
average length of menstrual cycle is ____
can be as short as ____
or long as _____
- 28 days
- 23 days
- 35 days
normal, regular menstruation that lasts for few days
eumenorrhea
the first menstruation.
an event that signifies the end of puberty and the beginning of the reproductive years of woman
menarche
The first menstrual cycle are usually ____, _____ , and _____
anovulation
painless
irregular
infrequent or irregular ovulation
oligoovulation
absence of ovulation
anovulation
very little flow (less than 10 ml)
Hypomenorrhea
regular cycles with intervals of 21 days or fewer
polymenorrhea
irregular uterine bleeding; usually occurs between regular menstrual period
Metrorrhagia
abnormal uterine bleeding
menometrorrhagia
is the absence of menstruation
often defined as missing one or more menstrual periods
amenorrhea
is the medical term in infrequent menstrual periods (fewer than 76-80 periods in a year)
oligomenorrhea
is characterized by the recurrence of painful cramps during menstruation
dysmenorrhea
The cramps during dysmenorrhea is caused by?
uterine contractions
average onset of menstruation ___
average range ___
- 12.4
- 9-17 yrs
what is the odor of menstruation?
similar to marigolds
average amount of menstrual flow
30-80 ml
average menstrual flow
4-6 days
2-9 days is normal
What hormone in the hypothalamus initiates the menstrual cycle?
GnRH
GnRH instructs the anterior pituitary gland to make these two hormones which are
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
a hormone active early in the cycle that is responsible for maturation of the ovum
FSH
a hormone responsible for ovulation
stimulates growth of the uterine lining during the second half of the menstrual cycle.
LH or Luteinizing hormone
FSH and LH are called _____ because they cause the growth of the gonads
gonadotropic hormones
In day 14, the ovum has divided by mitotic division into two separate bodies:
1.
2.
primary oocyte (bulk of cytoplasm)
secondary oocyte (little cytoplasm)
The process of ovum set free from the surface of the ovary is called ___
ovulation
a bright yellow fluid high in progesterone that is released by the follicle cells
lutein
TRUE or FALSE: Basal Body Temperature will drop slightly (0.5-1 degree fahrenheit) before the day of ovulation
TRUE
After the ovulation the basal body temperature rises to 1 degree fahrenheit due to
concentration of progesterone which is thermogenic
When there is a conception, the ovum proceeds down a fallopian tube and implants on the _____ of the uterus
endometrium
it remains throughout the major portion of the pregnancy
corpus luteum
If there is no conception, the ovum ___ after ___
and the corpus luteum remains only for ______ days
4 to 5 days
8-10 days
regressed corpus luteum is replaced by white fibrous tissue called
corpus albicans
What are the phases of menstrual cycle?
Proliferative
Secretory
Ischemic
Menses or menstrual flow
This first half of menstrual cycle is interchangeably termed the
proliferative
estrogenic
follicular
postmenstrual phase
In this phase the ovary begin to produce ____ (under the direction of the FSH)
the thickness of the endometrium increases as much as ___ from day 5 to 14
estrogen
eightfold
The second phase of the menstrual cycle is termed
progestational
luteal
premenstrual
or secretory phase
After the ovulation, the formation of ____ in the corpus luteum causes the glands of the uterine endometrium to become corkscrew or twisted in appearance and dilated with quantities of ___ and ___.
progesterone
glycogen and mucin
When progesterone decreases, the endometrium of the:
-uterus begins to degenerate
-capillaries rupture
-endometrium slough off
ischemic phase
is used to mark the beginning of a new menstrual cycle.
first day of menstrual flow
The menstrual flow contains only ____ if it seems to be more, it is because of the accompanying ___ and _____
30-80 ml
mucus and endometrial shreds
At the beginning of each cycle, the cervical mucus is _______ and ____
thick and scant
at the time of ovulation, the cervical mucus becomes ___, ___, and ____
thin
stretchy (spinnbarkeit)
copious
stretchy
spinnbarkeit
an interesting property of a cervical mucus just before ovulation when estrogen levels are high is the ability to form fern like patters on a microscope slide
fern test
The pattern in fern test is called
arborization or ferning
At the height of estrogen secretion, another property of the cervical mucus is the ability to stretch into long strands, a contrast to its thick, viscous state when progesterone is the dominant hormone.
Spinnbarkeit test
is a multidimensional phenomenon that includes feelings
attitude
actions
It has both biologic and cultural diversity components. It encompasses and gives direction to a person’s physical, emotional, social and intellectual responses throughout life.
sexuality
occurs when physical and psychological stimulation (sight, sound, emotion, or thought) that causes ________ nerve stimulation.
excitement
parasympathetic
During excitement period, there is
1.
2.
in the genital area. The resulting increased blood supply leads to ____ and increasing muscular tension.
- arterial dilation
- venous constriction
- vasocongestion
is reached just before orgasm
plateau
during plateau,
in women
1.
2.
3.
- clitoris is drawn forward and retract under the clitoral prepuce
- lower part of the vagina becomes extremely congested (orgasmic platform)
- increased breast nipple elevation
in plateau phase, in men
1.
2.
3.
- vasocongestion leads to distension of the penis
- HR to 100-175 bpm
- RR of 40 cpm
It is the shortest stage in the sexual response cycle
orgasm
What is the average number of contractions for woman?
8-15 contractions at intervals of 1 every 0.8 seconds
in male orgasm and contractions, what happens?
- surrounding the seminal vessels and prostate projects semen into the proximal urethra
is a 30-minute period during which the external and internal genital organs return to an unaroused state.
Resolution
are closely related to sexual orientation
sexual identity and sexual behavior
referring to an individual’s conception of themselves
sexual identity
referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and orientation referring to “fantasies, attachments and longing”.
sexual behavior
refers how one thinks of oneself in terms of whom one is sexually and romantically attracted to.
sexual identity
is the term used to chromosomal sexual development: male (XY) female (XX)
biological sex
is the inner sense a person has to being male or female, which may be the same as or different from biologic gender.
gender identity
refers to the behavior a person exhibits, which may or may not be the same as the person’s identity or sex assigned at birth
gender expression
an enduring pattern of attraction, emotional, romantic, sexual or some combination of these to the opposite sex, the same sex or both sexes and the genders that accompany them
sexual orientation
overlap with sexual orientation, but is distinguished in psychological research.
sexual preference
if they achieve sexual satisfaction from both same-sex and heterosexual relationship.
bisexual
is someone who finds sexual fulfillment with a member of the opposite gender.
heterosexual
is someone who finds sexual fullfillment with a member of his or her own sex.
homosexual
male identified individual’s who are sexually attracted to female partners.
gay
female identified individuals who are sexually attracted
lesbian
MSM
men who have sex with men
WSW
woman who have sex with women
when an individual feels their gender and their sex match.
cisgender
when an individual feels theoir gender and their sex do not match
transgender
is the realization one’s physical sex and gender are mismatched, which can cause a lot of stress and anxiety.
Gender dysphoria
MTF
male to female transition; usually prefers female pronouns
FTM
female to male transition
MTF individuals ingest what hormones
estrogen and antiandrogens
FTM ingests what hormones
testosterone
surgical procedures to change body characteristics to match an individual’s gender identity.
Gender affirmation surgery
sexual orientation is set in early childhood and perhaps in some individuals even earlier.
biological
gay gene” being discovered ny scientist, although such has yet to be absolutely been proven. Many see such discovery as big possibility and that generics do help determine a person’s sexual orientation.
Genetic factors
the environment and one’s living conditions while growing up help dictate his or her sexuality.
Psychological and social factors
What are the factors affecting sexuality?
biological
genetic factors
psychological and social factors
What are the human responsibility about sexuality?
1.Having the courage to get adequate sexual knowledge
2.Connecting our family values to sexual socialization and sexual behavior.
3.Protecting one another from abuse and exploitation
4.Valuing our ability to control our own sexual decision making
5.Creating respectful and mutually respectful and mutually satisfying relationships that also includes sex
