Menstrual Cycle Flashcards
Where are hormones produced?
In glands throughout the body
What is the function of LH and where is it produced in the body?
(Luteinizing hormone)
Stimulates egg development and oestrogen secretion
Produced in the pituitary gland
Where is the pituitary gland?
In the brain
What is the endocrine system?
A system of glands that produce hormones
What is the function of FSH and where is it produced in the body?
(Follicle stimulating hormone)
Stimulates ovulation
Produced in the pituitary gland
What is the function of ADH and where is it produced in the body?
(Antidiuretic hormone)
Controls water content of blood
Produced in the pituitary gland
What is the function of insulin and where is it produced in the body?
Lowers blood glucose levels
Produced in the pancreas
What is the function of glucagon and where is it produced in the body?
Raises blood sugar levels
Produced in the pancreas
What is the function of adrenaline and where is it produced in the body?
Prepares body for physical activity
Produced in the adrenal gland
What is the function of oestrogen and where is it produced in the body?
Female secondary sexual characteristics
Repair of endometrium (womb lining)
Produced in ovaries
What is the function of progesterone and where is it produced in the body?
Growth of endometrium (womb lining)
Produced in the ovaries
What is the function of testosterone and where is it produced in the body?
Male secondary sexual characteristics
Produced in the testes
Differences in the nervous system versus endocrine system
- Form of message Electrical impulses, neurotransmitters at synapses Hormones (chemicals) - How it is carried Neurones Bloodstream - Time it takes to happen Immediate, fast Slower, takes longer to act - Duration of effect Short lived Long lasting - Effect widespread or local Very localised Can be wide spread
What is the purpose of the ovaries?
They release eggs once a month
What is the purpose of the oviduct/fallopian tubes?
Eggs pass along these tubes and fertilisation occurs here
What is the purpose of the uterus/womb)
This is where a fetus develops
What is the purpose of the cervix?
Entrance to the uterus
What is the purpose of the vagina?
Where the sperm are received during intercourse and where babies pass through during birth
What is the endometrium? What is its function?
It is a uterus lining made up of thick tissue with lots of blood vessels.
It provides nutrients and oxygen to implanted embryo
What happens in day 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation
- The lining of the uterus is shed
What happens in day 6-13 of the menstrual cycle?
Uterus lining starts to rebuild (activated by oestrogen) Egg maturation (activated by FSH)
What happens in day 13-15 of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation
- An egg is released from an ovary (activated from LH)
What happens in day 15-17 of the menstrual cycle?
Fertilisation possible
Growth of the endometrium (activated by progesterone)
What happens in day 18-28 of the menstrual cycle?
Without fertilisation the egg dies
Endometrium breakdown at the end of the cycle
Example of three contraceptives
Oral
Implant
Patch
What are hormones?
Chemical ‘messengers’ that travel in the blood to activate target cells
What is negative feedback?
When an effect is counteracted (stopped by its own influence)
What is positive feedback?
When an effect is enhanced by its own influence
What does the contraceptive pill contain?
The contraceptive pill contains progesterone or oestrogen and progesterone
How does the contraceptive pill work?
It works, because egg maturation and ovulation are inhibited, therefore fertilisation cannot take place.
When using the pill why do you still get your period?
This is because it does not effect progesterone and oestrogen, it does not stop the cycle.
What does the implant contain and what are its pros and cons?
It contains progesterone
Pro - no need to take it every day
Con - insertion underneath the skin and irregular periods
What does the patch contain and what are its pros and cons?
Contains oestrogen and progesterone
Pro - only every week, not every day
Con - side effects
What does the pill contain and what are its pros and cons?
Contains progesterone or oestrogen and progesterone
Pro - not painful, less obvious
Con - you easily forget to take the pill
