Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

WEEK 3 SEM 4 > Menopause > Flashcards

Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

What is menopausal transition?

A
  • regular periods to irregular periods to when periods stop

- AKA perimenopausal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is menopause?

A
  • stopping menstruatin bc of loss of ovarian follicular function
  • no period for 12 months (amenorrhea)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is premature ovarian failure?

A
  • premature menopause

- before age of 40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the symptoms of menopausal transition?

A
  • hot flushes
  • reduced cycle length
  • irregular periods
  • atrophic vagina post menopause
  • impaired fertility leading up to menopause
  • mood symptoms
  • urinary complaints
  • sleep disturbance
  • vasomotor symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is atrophic vagina?

A
  • vaginal thinning, drying and inflammation of the walls bc of less oestrogen
  • painful sex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a follicle?

A

-oocyte surrounded by granulosa and theca cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to the number of follicles as we age?

A
  • Fetus= 7 million
  • birth= 1 million
  • Puberty= 400 000
  • menopause= 140
  • post menopause= hardly any - maybe like 1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is menstruation stopping not a reason for menopause?

A
  • average woman has 444 cycles in her life
  • so only 444 eggs lost through cycle
  • so at menopause there are still between 1 and 140 eggs left, so periods stopping is not the reason for menopause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do the eggs die as we age?

A
  • apoptosis
  • breakdown
  • smoking causes menopause 2 years early
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the effects of granulosa cells?

A
  • produce AMH

- secrete inhibin B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If you have less granulosa cells because of follicle depletion, what happens?

A
  • less AMH
  • less Inhibin B
  • less Inhibin A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of AMH?

A 
men= regress mullerian duct
women= inhibit excess FSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens if AMH reduced?

A
  • excess FSH
  • this means more (than required) follicular recruitment
  • more follicle loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does Inhibin B do?

A

Inhibits FSH production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens if you have low Inhibin B?

A
  • more FSH
  • more follicular recruitment
  • more follicle loss
  • so as woman gets nearer to menopause age, she has more menstrual cycles that have no ovulation in them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is Inhibin A produced?

A

in the ovaries

17
Q

What does Inhibin A do?

A

Inhibits FSH production

18
Q

What happens if Inhibin A is reduced?

A

More FSH

19
Q

What happens if there is excess FSH?

A 
- FSH receptors on the follicles become less sensitive 
to FSH (due to extremely high levels of FSH)
- due to loss of FSH receptors and their sensitivity, there is an impairment in recruitment of follicles and selection of a dominant follicle (ie the follicles do not get selected)
20
Q

What else happens as a result of granulosa cells decline?

A

woman has impaired secretion of growth

factors, signalling pathways, survival factors, oestrogen, and progesterone

21
Q

What is the reason for shortened cycle length?

A
  • there is decline in inhibin B
  • high FSH levels
  • so follicles are recruited early
  • oestrogen goes up earlier
  • LH surge happens earlier
  • so follicular phase is shorter
  • so shorter cycle
22
Q

What causes delayed or absent periods?

A
  • granulosa cells are dysfunctioning
  • oestrogen levels cant reach high enough to flip negative feedback to positive feedback
  • no LH surge
  • no ovulation
23
Q

What causes heavier periods?

A
  • less Inhibin B
  • high FSH
  • oestrogen levels increase earlier than in normal cycle
  • oestrogen remains high for long time
  • endometrium of uterus hyperproliferates
  • endometrium outgrows blood supply
  • prolonged bleeding (2-3 weeks)
24
Q

What can you provide patients with to help them with bleeding?

A
  • progesterone
25
Q

What causes hot flushes?

A
  • less granulosa cells
  • less oestrogen
  • disturb serotonin levels
  • resets thermoregulatory nucleus in the brain stem
  • heat loss
  • brain thinks body is hotter than it acc is- sweating
26
Q

What happens to the hormone levels?

A
  • 10 years before menopause, AMH declines
  • 2 years before menopause, inhibin B levels decline
  • FSH levels are variable, but generally increase towards menopause
  • LH increases later in menopause
  • Oestrogen levels fall, but this is very close to the menopause
  • Adrenal and ovarian androgen levels decline with age (from about 20 years old)
27
Q

What happens to progesterone after menopause?

A
  • no progesterone after menopause
  • bc woman is not ovulating
    There is no progesterone production after menopause
    •
    this is because the woman is no longer ovul
    ating, and thus there is no corpus
    luteum
    •
    the corpus luteum is the only source of progesterone in the bod

WEEK 3 SEM 4 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions