Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

WEEK 3 SEM 4 > Breastfeeding > Flashcards

Breastfeeding Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes are in the breast?

A
  • 20
  • 9 functional
  • duct system down to the nipples
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is each lobe considered to be?

A
  • functional unit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the fat percentage of lactating breast?

A
  • 50% fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the fat percentage of lactating breast?

A
  • 30% fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the ducts described as?

A
  • tortuous

- come to the nipple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How much of the secretory glandular tissue is within the nipple?

A
  • 70% of the secretory glandular tissue (which secretes milk) is within 8cm of the nipple
  • so breast size doesnt matter when breastfeeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the basic unit of mammillary gland?

A
  • alveoli
  • lined by mammilary epithelial cells (cuboidal)
  • surrounded by myoepithelial cells- contract to release milk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is lactogenesis?

A
  • preparation of the breast and milk production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the phases of lactogenesis?

A
  • Lactogenesis 1

- Lactogenesis 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in lactogenesis I?

A
  • early on in pregnancy
  • HPL, prolactin rise: glandular development
  • Progesteron and oestrogen rise: inhibit milk synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does fat amount change during lactogenesis I?

A
  • from 50% fat to 30% fat bc increase in glandular tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in lactogenesis II?

A
  • progesterone and oestrogen fall= no inhibition of milk synthesis = START PRODUCING MILK
  • prolactin= milk synthesis
  • oxytocin= milk ejection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What stimulates prolactin release?

A
  • suckling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What stimulates oxytocin release?

A
  • higher centres

- suckling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens when milk builds up in the breast?

A
  • autocrine inhibition of more milk production

- need to clear the milk in the breast to be able to make more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to normal breast milk if you give formula milk?

A
  • production of breast milk decreases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does prolactin work to make milk?

A
  • suckling
  • prolactin released from anterior pituitary
  • work on cuboidal epithelial cells
  • start producing milk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When are prolactin levels highest?

A
  • at night
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the let down reflex?

A
  • releasing of milk
  • suckling
  • oxytocin release from posterior pituitary
  • myoepithelial cells contract
  • gush of milk
  • ejection from nipple
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can the response of breast milk being ejected be conditioned?

A
  • bc oxytocin release is stimulated by higher centres

- release of milk can also happen because of thinking of the baby, hearing crying, cuddling, emotional state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can drugs be used to for lactation?

A
  • suppression

- augmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does a doctor want to augment lactation?

A
  • if premature/complicated pregnancy
  • hard for mother to produce milk
  • so need to increase prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do you need to give to increase prolactin in a mother?

A
  • dopamine antagonist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does dopamine do to prolactin?

A
  • DOPAMINE INHIBITS PROLACTIN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Give examples of dopamine antagonists?

A
  • domperidone

- metoclopramide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does lactation need to be suppressed?

A
  • if mother has chemo

- scared drugs might go into breast milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do you give to suppress lactation?

A
  • need to decrease prolactin

- give dopamine analogue

28
Q

Give examples of dopamine analogues

A
  • bromocriptine

- cabergoline

29
Q

How many pathways are there for milk to be made?

A

5

30
Q

What is pathway I of milk production (golgi)?

A
  • have lactose, Ca2+, PO4, citrate, and milk protein
  • inside glandular cells, proteins made in RER
  • packaged in golgi
  • lactose is synthesised in golgi apparatus
  • lactose cant cross the golgi apparatus
  • water drawn into golgi vesicle
  • Ca2+ and PO4 then packaged in the golgi vesicle
  • fuse to membrane
  • milk secreted into lumen of alveolus
  • exocytosis
31
Q

What is pathway II of milk production (Fat globules)?

A
  • fat globules made in SER and cytoplasm
  • fat globulins bind with one another to form larger droplets
  • droplets bind against cell membrane
  • separate from cell
  • milk fat globule surrounded by cell membrane
32
Q

What is pathway III of milk production?

A
  • water, sodium, potassium travel across the cell membrane by osmosis
33
Q

What is pathway IV of milk production (IgA)?

A
  • secretory immunoglobulins and other specific proteins are transported through this pathway
  • IgA circulating in the blood binds to a receptor on the basolateral side of the glandular cell (the side facing the blood vessels)
  • enter cell
  • cross to apical side (facing lumen of alveolus)
  • in endocytic vesicle
  • then secreted into lumen or into golgi apparatus
34
Q

What is pathway V of milk production?

A
  • pathway usually closed
  • located between 2 glandular cells
  • opens when mother has mastitis/engorgements
  • bc of this opening, extra cells and plasma proteins released into milk
  • milk now has HIGHER NA, CL, and LESS K AND LACTOSE
35
Q

Whatis colostrum?

A
  • first milk after childbirth
  • less energy
  • less lactose
  • less fat
  • more protein
    THAN MATURE MILK
36
Q

What is mature milk?

A
  • milk produced few days after childbirth
  • more energy
  • more lactose
  • more fat
    THAN COLUSTRUM
37
Q

What does formula milk have?

A
  • more proteins than breast milk
  • same calories as breast milk
  • so babies on formula milk are taller and leaner
38
Q

What does breast milk consist of?

A
  • Nutrients
  • IgA
  • macrophages, lymphocytes
  • growth factors
39
Q

What happens to the volume of milk as the baby grows?

A
  • increases
  • lactose increases
  • electrolytes decrease (Na, Cl, K etc)
40
Q

How does the compositition of a FEED change?

A
  • fat goes up as feed progresses

(so should finish one breast before going onto another)

41
Q

What are the benefits of breastfeeding a baby?

A
  • protein (High whey, low cassein)= opposite in cow milk
  • lipid digestion
  • human milk has biologically active whey proteins e.g. lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA which have immune and nutritional functions
  • GI benefits
  • immune system benefits
  • complements from breast milk
42
Q

What is formula milk made of?

A
  • cow milk plus things are added
43
Q

Why is formula milk not beneficial for babies?

A
  • more cassein and less whey in cow milk (formula milk)

- cassein less digestible by human babies

44
Q

What cant babies do to lipid?

A
  • digest it
45
Q

What does breast milk contain to allow babies to digest lipids?

A
  • bile salt activated lipase
46
Q

What does human milk contain that is important for retinal development?

A
  • long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • really needed for newborn babies esp preterm babies
  • arachodonic acid C20 is important
  • omega fatty acids (C22) important= mothers recommended fish
  • cows milk only has precursors to C18 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
47
Q

What is GI benefit of breastmilk?

A
  • human milk = more digestible, improves gastric emptying

- people on formula milk= 5-10% more likely to get NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (intestine death)

48
Q

What is seen in X rays to show necrotizing enterocolitis?

A
  • gas bubbles in the intestine
49
Q

In breast milk, which complements are there high amounts of?

A
  • C3
50
Q

What does lactoferin do?

A
  • inhibit bacterial growth by binding to iron
51
Q

What do lysozymes do?

A
  • break bacteria peptidoglycan cell wall
52
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A
  • found in breast milk
  • stop binding of enteric (gastrointestinal) and respiratory pathogens
  • don’t get digested
  • move to colon
  • digested by good bacteria
  • babies on formula milk have more bad bacteria in colon
53
Q

What is PAF acetylhydrolase?

A
  • this inhibits platelet activating factor
54
Q

What do epidermal growth factors do?

A
  • enhance development of the gastrointestinal epithelium
55
Q

What are short term immunity benefits?

A

−less gastrointestinal infections
−less respiratory infections
−less urinary tract infections
−protection against sudden infant death

56
Q

What are long term immunity benefits?

A

−protects against type I and II diabetes
−reduces the risk of obesity
−the baby is protected against dermatitis, cow’s milk allergy, and wheezing
−protects against childhood leukaemia (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and acute myeloblastic leukaemia)
−reduces the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterolthus reducing the chances of high blood pressure and heart problems

57
Q

What are the neurological benefits of breastmilk?

A
  • better cognitive outcomes than formula fed babies (on developmental tests)
  • BUT growth of the breast fed babies was poorer
58
Q

What are the maternal benefits of breastfeeding?

A
  • lower breast cancer risk
  • lower ovarian cancer risk
  • lose calories (equivalent to swimming 30 laps in the pool)
59
Q

What is rooting?

A
  • stimulate the side of the baby’s cheek and the baby turns their face towards the stimulus and opens their mouth
60
Q

What is suckling?

A
  • nipple comes in contact with the baby’s mouth the baby begins to suck
61
Q

What are signs of good attachment?

A
  • most of the nipple and the areola (area around the nipple) sits inside the baby’s mouth
  • the tip of the nipple sits at the edge of the end of the hard palate
  • the mouth is wide open and full
  • the chin is close to the breast
  • the bottom lip is everted
  • more of the areola is visible above the baby’s mouth than below
  • you should also be able to hear sucking and swallowing as the baby breastfeeds
62
Q

What is non- nutritive suckling?

A
  • 2 sucks/sec which occurs at start of breast feeding

- stimulates prolactin and oxytocin release to call up more milk to cause the let down response

63
Q

What is nutritive suckling?

A
  • 1 suck/sec with pauses for swallowing of the milk
64
Q

What should the position of the baby be when breastfeeding?

A
  • baby ventral surface against mummy ventral surface
65
Q

What happens if latching is not good?

A
  • e.g. when only the nipple is inside the baby’s mouth and not the whole areola= THIS IS BAD
  • can get traumatized nipple
  • can also get ineffective draining of the breast due to bad latching= lead to mastitis= painful

WEEK 3 SEM 4 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions