meningitis

Question 1

define meningitis

Question 2

0-4 weeks etiology

Answer 2

S. agalactiae, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, K.
Pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp

Question 3

4-12 weeks etiologyb

Answer 3

S. agalactiae, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, H. influenzae,
S. pneumoniae, N. meningitides

Question 4

3 months – 18 years etiology

Answer 4

H. influenzae, N. meningitides, S. Pneumonia

Question 5

risk factors

Answer 5

lack of preexisting immunity to specific pathogens

History of close contact, crowding/poor living conditions

o History of head injury, otitis media (ear ache, discharge),
mastoid tenderness, sinusitis, pneumonia, CSF otorrhea
or rhinorrhea, the presence of a cochlear implant, and
immunosuppression –

• Poverty/low income
• Male sex
• Age:
  o <5 yrs. aged children; first peak
  o 15-24; second peak - meningococcal infection.
• Geographic location and travel history:
• Previous medical treatment and existing conditions
  o Defects of the complement system (C5-C8)
  o recurrent meningococcal infection
  o Splenic dysfunction (in sickle cell anemia) or asplenia - pneumococcal, H.
  influenza type b, and meningococcal sepsis and meningitis
  o T-lymphocyte defects (congenital or acquired by chemotherapy,
  AIDS, or malignancy)- Listeria monocytogenes.
• The risk of pneumococcal meningitis is increased in the following conditions
  o Congenital or acquired CSF leak in:
  ▪ lumbar dual sinus,
  ▪ cranial or midline facial defects (cribriform plate),
  ▪ fistulas of the middle ear or inner ear
  ▪ basilar or other skull fracture (head trauma)
  ▪ Lumbosacral dermal sinus and myelomeningocele - staphylococcal,
  anaerobic, and Gram-negative enteric bacterial meningitis
  ▪ CSF shunt infections -Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
  spp., Propionibacterium spp.