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Anatomy Exam #4 > Meninges, Ventricles, and CSF > Flashcards

Meninges, Ventricles, and CSF Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises the leptomeninges?

A
  • Arachnoid mater

- Pia mater

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater? Which layer contains the meningeal arteries?

A
  • Outer periosteal layer
  • Inner meningeal layer
  • Outer periosteal layer contains the meningeal arteries
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3
Q

Is there normally a space between dura and cranium?

A

No… the cranial epidural space is considered a potential space. It becomes fluid-filled only in pathological conditions.

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4
Q

Which veins have an important route for the spread of infection?

A

emissary veins

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5
Q

Do diploic veins exit the cranium?

A

No! This is why emissary veins are the vessels that serve an important role in the spread of infection.

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6
Q

Which space is filled with CSF?

A

subarachnoid space (b/t arachnoid and pia)

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7
Q

Which structures are responsible for draining CSF into dural venous sinuses?

A

arachnoid granulations or villi

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8
Q

Arachnoid villi act as_______for the flow of CSF into venous blood.

A

one-way valves

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9
Q

What is the main stimulus that causes arachnoid villi to open?

A

hydrostatic pressure (CSF pressure is normally greater than central venous pressure)

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10
Q

Spinal epidural space is filled with what?

A

connective tissue and vertebral venous plexus

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11
Q

What does the lumbar cistern contain?

A

CSF and nerve roots of cauda equina

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12
Q

What causes an epidural hematoma vs. subarachnoid hemorrhage vs. subdural hematoma?

A
  • Epidural hematoma: skull fracture at/near pterion that tears a meningeal artery
  • SAH: ruptured cerebral aneurysm that occurs spontaneously or as a result of a head injury
  • SDH: traumatic brain injury (esp. deceleration injuries) that tears bridging veins crossing the subdural space
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13
Q

Where is the most common place for a cerebral anuerysm to occur?

A

bifurcation of anterior communicating artery and anterior cerebral artery

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14
Q

Which is the most lethal of all head injuries?

A

acute subdural hematomas due to trauma (must be rapidly treated with surgical decompression)

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15
Q

What is CSF secreted by?

A

choroid plexuses

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16
Q

What is the total volume of CSF? How much is in the ventricles at any given time?

A
  • Total volume=90-150 mL

- 23 mL is in the ventricles; rest is in the subarachnoid space

17
Q

Large pickets of subarachnoid space, corresponding to major irregularities in the surface of the CNS:

A

subarachnoid cisterns

18
Q

Which is the most prominent intracranial cistern?

A

cisterna magna (b/t medulla and inferior surface of cerebellum)

19
Q

What are some of the strongly buffered substances in the brain?

A

glucose, calcium, potassium, and proteins (all are present in CSF in decr. conc. compared to blood serum)

20
Q

Which ions are present in increased concentrations in the CSF compared to blood serum?

A

sodium, chloride, and magnesium

21
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

A

telencephalon

22
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

cavity of diencephalon

23
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

cavity of rhombencephalon

24
Q

Where do the lateral ventricles drain?

A

into the 3rd ventricle via the interventricular foramina of Monro

25
Q

Where does the 4th ventricle drain?

A

laterally (L&R) into the foramen of Luschka and posteriorly via the foramen of Magendie (a median aperture)

26
Q

Where does the 3rd ventricle drain?

A

into the 4th ventricle via the Aqueduct of Sylvius

27
Q

What is one of the most common sites of blockage in the ventricular system?

A

cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

28
Q

What do circumventricular organs consist of?

A

neurons, glia, ependymal cells, leptomeningeal elements, and vascular elements

29
Q

Do the circumventricular organs have a BBB?

A

No… they have fenestrated capillaries (highly permeable vasculature).

30
Q

What is the main sensory circumventricular organ?

A

area postrema

31
Q

What is the main secretory circumventricular organ?

A

neurohypophysis

32
Q

What are the sensory circumventricular organs?

A
  • Subfornical organ
  • Lamina terminalis
  • Area postrema
33
Q

What are the secretory circumventricular organs?

A
  • Median eminence of hypothalamus
  • Neurohypophysis
  • Pineal gland

Anatomy Exam #4 (11 decks)

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