Mendels law #1

Question 1

genetics

Answer 1

is the study of genes and how they are inherited and, how their variation affects organisms

Question 2

gene

Answer 2

a gene is a genomic sequence corresponding to a unit of inheritance. This is associated with regulatory regions and is transcribed

Question 3

phenotype

Answer 3

observable characteristic/trait of an organism

Question 4

give examples of phenotypes

Answer 4

morphology
development
biochemical properties
physical characteristics
behavior
disease (sickle cells)

Question 5

the 1865 paper ‘Experiments in plant hybridization’ by Gregor Mendel showed which discoveries?

Answer 5

~ each organ has invisible traits that correspond to invisible elements in the cell
~these invisible elements exist in pair
~only one member of this pair is passed onto progeny

Question 6

who is the father of genetics?

Answer 6

gregor mendel (1822-1884). He conducted his experiments between 1856 and 1863

Question 7

why did mendel use pea plants?

Answer 7

~many different phenotypes
~self/hetero- fertilization is possible
~cheap
~compact
~brief life-cycle
~many offspring

Question 8

what were mendels studies based on?

Answer 8

observing 7 qualitative and easily visible traits. He analyzed 1 trait per experiment, and started all the experiments with the plants being different for only the chosen trait (pure breeding plants were used)

Question 9

what are pure breeding plants

Answer 9

the second generation of plants had consistent traits with those of the first

Question 10

monohybrid cross

Answer 10

crossing of 2 strains of plants that differ in only 1 characteristic. eg remove stamen from purple flower. Transfer pollen from stamen of white flower to carpel of purple flower

Question 11

what is the result of all monohybrid crosses?

Answer 11

F1 is identical to one of the parents. This lead to one trait being the dominant trait and one being the recessive trait

Question 12

what is Mendels’ 3 law?

Answer 12

it is his law of dominance, the recessive allele will always be masked by the dominant allele

Question 13

what is Mendels’ law of parental equivalence?

Answer 13

that the sex of the parent is irrelevant for the trait exhibited in the offspring

Question 14

what happens with the plants of F1? What was the resulting phenotypic ratio?

Answer 14

they undergo self fertilization. This results in a phenotypic ratio of 3:1

Question 15

Elementen

Answer 15

are the hereditary particles transmitted unchanged between generations. They are now called genes

Question 16

an organism with homozygous alleles is called?

Answer 16

a homozygote

Question 17

what is mendels first law?

Answer 17

it is the law of segregation. During gamete formation the 2 alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene

Question 18

the result of the F1, F2 generation in a dihybrid cross is

Answer 18

F1: all YyRr
F2: 9:3:3:1`

Question 19

what is Mendels’ second law?

Answer 19

the law of independent assortement. During gamete formation, the genes for different traits segregate indepedently

Question 20

what is meiosis?

Answer 20

genetic diversity

Question 21

what 2 factors contribute to genetic diversity?

Answer 21

crossing over/recombination

random alignment/independent assortment–! not if Y and R are on the same chromosome

Question 22

Linkage disequilibrium

Answer 22

when the assortment is not independent we say that the 2 genes