mendels experiments

Question 1

genotype
(also known as alleles)

Answer 1

tells wether it is heterozygous or homozygous recessive/dominant
(AA, aa, Aa)

Question 2

phenotype
(also known as gene expression)

Answer 2

the traits that you can see after cross over
Ex: eye color, skin color

Question 3

diploid

Answer 3

has two sets of chromosomes from each parent

Question 4

haploid

Answer 4

has single set of chromosomes
(in humans this is the egg or the sperm)

Question 5

what is the flow of sexual reproduction in humans

Answer 5

diploid –> haploid –> fertilization –> diploid

Question 6

how are haploid gametes created

Answer 6

through meiosis

Question 7

what happens during meiosis

Answer 7

one parent cell turns in 4 NONIDENTICAL daughter cells (after two rounds of division)

Question 8

homozygous allele

Answer 8

two copies of same allele
can look like AA or aa

Question 9

heterozygous allele

Answer 9

two different alleles
can look like Ab or AB

Question 10

dominant meaning

Answer 10

can be detected and passed down regardless of other allele
can look like A

Question 11

recessive meaning

Answer 11

effects are masked when in the heterozygous condition
can look like Aa or Bb

Question 12

autosomal

Answer 12

both sexes are EQUALLy effected

Question 13

sex linked

Answer 13

one sex is affected more than the other
Ex: x linked will affect more females because of their xx genes

Question 14

law of segregation

Answer 14

alleles separate and then reunite randomly during fertilization

Question 15

law of independent assortment

Answer 15

the separation of chromosomes during meiosis leads to a mix of mother and father chromosomes

Question 16

linked genes

Answer 16

are close together on chromosome and are usually inherited together

Question 17

incomplete dominance

Answer 17

it is not completely dominant, you get a blend
Ex: white flower (rr) crosses with red flower (RR) you end up with pink flowers (Rr)

Question 18

codominance

Answer 18

you get both of the traits they are not blended
Ex: white (WW) and brown (BB) cow are crossed, offspring contains both white and brown colorings (WB)

Question 19

Pleiotropy

Answer 19

a single gene that affects multiple traits
Ex: one gene effects ear wax and body odor

Question 20

phylogeny

Answer 20

multiple genes give you the phenotype
Ex: many genes affect skin color

Question 21

Epistasis

Answer 21

one gene controls another phenotypic gene
Ex: people with albinism have aa alleles for melanin production and will not get pigment no matter what the other alleles are

Question 22

autosomal dominant

Answer 22

the dominant traits pass from one parent onto their child

Question 23

autosomal recessive

Answer 23

the recessive traits pass from both parents onto their child

Question 24

mendel’s notation system
p

Answer 24

parent generation of true breeding (offspring are exactly the same)

Question 25

mendels notation system
f1

Answer 25

first generation form a cross between parents

Question 26

mendels notation system
f2

Answer 26

second generation of offspring produce from crossing two f1 individuals together